THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 

OF  CALIFORNIA 

LOS  ANGELES 


^-  0-  BAKER 

t.Ay/Vf.-:. 


B.  0.  BAXER 

LAWYER 


BURNZ' 

PHONETIC  STENOGRAPHY 


ARRANGED  ON  THE  BASIS  OF 
ISAAC  PITMAN'S  "PHONOGRAPHY" 


BY 

ELIZA  BOARDMAN  BURNZ 


A  REVISION 
15TH  EDITION 


BURNZ  AND  COMPANY,  PUBLISHERS 

NEW  YORK 

1918 


Copyright,  1918, 
By  E.  C.  Burnz 


Press  of 

J.  J.  Little  &  Ives  Co. 

425-435  East  24th  Street 

New  York 


7,, 


PREFACE 


Phonetic  Stenography  was  first  introduced  to  the  public  in  1872, 
under  the  title  of  "Phonic  Shorthand",  by  Eliza  Boardman  Burnz, 
the  publication  being  the  result  of  "an  earnest  and  long-cherished 
desire  on  the  part  of  the  author  to  see  the  beautiful  and  labor-saving 
art  of  steno-phonography  in  the  possession  of  all  who  use  the  pen." 

Except  in  the  particulars  mentioned  below,  Mrs.  Burnz  laid  no 
claim  to  originahty,  but  acknowledged  with  pride  and  pleasure  her 
indebtedness  not  alone  to  Isaac  Pitman,  the  inventor  of  "Phonogra- 
phy", but  also  to  the  many  other  lovers  and  practitioners  of  the  art 
hr    who  had  written  and  pubhshed  more  or  less  respecting  it.     Mrs. 
«^    Burnz  acknowledged  her  many  obligations  to  a  large  number  of  able 
>*    reporters  in  New  York,  and  in  various  parts  of  America  and  Great 
<i    Britain,  who  had  assisted  her  by  friendly  suggestions  and  given  hei 
2    the  results  of  their  experience. 

"^         The  special  features  of  this  work  will  be  found  to  consist:  First, 
in  the  distinctive  use  of  a  portion  of  the  phonographic  material 
t$  common  to  all  phonograpliies ;    for  instance,  the  initial  vowel  tick 
Q    and  the  in-hook,  which  give  to  Phonetic  Stenography  the  legibility 
z   of  common  script.    Second,  in  the  advantages  of  the  book  from  a 
^   pedagogical  point  of  view,  because  of  the  order  and  simplicity  of  its 
presentation  of  the  principles  of   Phonetic  Stenography — the  sim- 
plest, most  definite,  and  most  regularly  applied  being  first  given — 
H    and  also,  because  of  the  arrangement  of  the  shorthand  plates  with 
p    key  pages  opposite,   which  greatly  facilitates  the   comparison  of 
the  pupil's  work. 

Through  nearly  half  a  century  of  use  by  law  and  lecture  reporters, 
stenographers,  and  secretaries,  this  system  of  shorthand  has  proved 
its  superiority  for  taking  notes  swiftly,  accurately,  and  with 
unequaled  legibility.  The  verdict  of  those  who  have  emploj^ed 
stenographers  using  this  system  is,  "Burnz  writers  can  read 
their  notes." 

iii 


448570 


The  present  edition  has  been  thoroughly  revised  and  enlarged. 
It  is  pubhshed  in  response  to  an  increasing  demand  for  instruction 
in  the  Burnz  System,  as  well  as  because  of  the  conviction  of  the 
editors  that  this  logical  and  legible  system  should  be  presented 
to  the  pubUc  with  the  improvements  which  years  of  classroom  teach- 
ing and  practical  work  have  added  to  it.  It  is  in  the  belief  that  the 
Burnz  System  is,  more  than  any  other,  prepared  to  meet  the  varied 
requirements  of  modern  stenographic  work  that  the  editors  present 
to  the  public  this  edition  of  "Burnz'  Phonetic  Stenography". 


CONTENTS 

PART  I 

chap.  page 

—Catechism  of  Phonetic  Spelling 9-10 

— Introductory  Chapter 11-12 

— Consonant  Alphabet 13 

I. — Stem  Consonants  and  Vowel  Signs 14-17 

XI. — Words   Having   but  One   Consonant  Sound — 

Position 18-23 

— Sign-Words  and  Vowel  Words 22-23 

III. — Regular  Final  Adjuncts  —  N  -  hook,  In  -  hook, 

and  Shun-hooks — Halving 24-27 

— Simple  Stem  Signs 28-29 

IV. — Final  Circles  and  Loops 30-35 

— Additional  Word  Signs 33 

V. — Stenotypy — Combined    Stems — Rules    for   Up- 
ward AND  Downward  R,  L,  and  SH 36-39 

VI. — Irregular  Final  Adjuncts — F-hook  and  Ter- 

HOOK — Lengthening— Past  Tense 40-48 

— Open  Diphthong  Signs 49 

PART   II 
VII. — Initial  Circles  and  Loops — In-hook — Dots  for 

"ing"  and  "con" 52-59 

VIII. — Initial  Hooks  for  R,  L,  W,  and  Y 60-65 

IX. — Initial  Vowel  and  Aspirate  Ticks — Addition- 
al Word-Signs 66-69 

X. — Special  Vocalization — Special  Rules  for  the 

Formation  of  Outlines 70  77 

V 


VI 

CONTENTS 

CHAP.  PAGE 

XI. — V-HOOK — Prefixes      and      Suffixes — Contrac- 
tions    78-85 

XII. — Stenology  or  Naming  Outlines,  illustrated.  86-91 

XIII. — Order  of  Principles — Special  Forms 92 

PART   III 

XIV.— The  Art  of  Phrasing 94-101 

— Reading  Lessons 102-117 

— List  of  Word-signs 118 

— Words  Varied  in  Outline 119-126 

— Vocabulary     of     Contractions     and     Speci^ll 

Forms 127-139 


PART  I 


9 
CATECHISM  OF  PHONETIC  SPELLING 

A    THOROUGH    UNDERSTANDING    OF    THIS    CATECHISM    WILL    GREATLY 
FACILITATE  THE  STUDY  OF  PHONETIC  SHORTHAND 


Q.  WTiat  is  language? 

A.  Any  mode  of  communicating  thought. 

Q.  What  are  the  princii)al  kinds  of  language  used  by  man? 

A.  Spoken  language  and  written  or  printed  language. 

Q.  Of  what  are  each  of  these  composed? 

A.  Of  words. 

Q.  Of  what  are  spoken  words  composed? 

A.  Of  elementary  sounds. 

Q.  Of  what  are  written  or  printed  words  made  up? 

A.  Of  characters  called  letters. 

Q.  What  is  orthography  or  common  spelling? 

A.  Naming  the  letters  that  compose  a  written  or  printed  word. 

Q.  What  is  phonetic  spelling? 

A.  DivicUng  a  spoken  word  into  its  elementary  sounds. 

Q.  Name  the  letters  in  the  words  though,  ache. 

A.  T-h-o-u-g-h;  a-c-h-e. 

Q.  Speak  the  sounds  in  the  words  though,  ache. 

A.  th-o;   a-k. 

Q.  Of  what  are  the  words  that  we  use  in  speaking  composed? 

\.  Of  sounds  made  by  the  breath  or  voice. 

Q.  IMake  a  simple  breath  sound. 

A.  h-h-h. 

Q.  Make  a  simple  voice  sound? 

A.  uh-uh-uh. 

Q.  How  are  these  simple  breath  and  voice  sounds  made  into  the 
various  sounds  of  speech? 

A.  By  the  organs  of  speech  in  various  positions. 

Q.  What  are  the  organs  of  speech? 

A.  The  lips,  teeth,  tongue,  palate,  and  throat. 

Q.  What  are  the  two  jjrincipal  classes  of  sounds? 

A.  Free  and  obstructed  sounds. 

Q.  Make  some  free  sounds. 

A.  a,  aw,  o,  oo  (long);   I,  a,  u,  66  (short). 

Q.  What  name  is  given  to  the  free  voice  sounds? 

A.  Vowels. 

Q.  What  is  the  one  free  breath  sound  called? 

A.  The  aspirate,  named  Hay. 

Q.  What  are  the  obstructed  sounds,  whether  breath  or  voice, 
called? 

A.  Consonants. 

Q.  How  many  breath  sounds  are  there  in  the  English  language, 
including  the  aspirate? 

A.  Nine. 

Q.  How  many  obstructed  voice  sounds? 

A.  Fifteen. 


10 

Q.  How  many  consonant  sounds  in  all? 

A.  Tvventy-four. 

Q.  How  many  vowel  sounds? 

A.  Sixteen  simple  and  four  compound. 

Q.  Name  the  eight  long  vowel  sounds. 

A.  e,  as  in  feel;  a,  in  fail;  a,  in  fair;  a,  in  far;  u,  in  curl;  au,  in 
caught;  o,  in  pole;   55,  in  pool. 

Q.  Name  the  eight  short  vowels. 

A.  I,  as  in  fill;  6,  in  fell;  3,,  in  fat;  a,  in  fast;  ii,  in  cut;  6,  in  cot, 
6,  in  cocoon;   o6,  in  pull. 

Q.  Name  the  four  compound  vowel  sounds. 

A.  i,  as  in  time;   oi,  in  toil;   ow,  in  town;   ew,  in  few. 

Q.  Speak  the  sounds  in  the  word  be. 

A.  b-e. 

Q.  Which  is  the  consonant  element? 

A.  b. 

Q.  How  do  you  know? 

A.  Because  the  Ups  come  close  together  and  stop  the  sound. 

Q.  Do  the  organs  of  speech  always  come  quite  close  together? 

A.  No. 

Q.  Give  some  consonants  in  which  they  do  not. 

A.  s,  sh,  r. 

Q.  What  is  the  vowel  in  Ma;   in  may;   in  me/  ' 

A.  a,  a,  e. 

Q.  Why  are  these  vowels? 

A.  Because  the  mouth  is  more  or  less  open  and  the  voice  passes 
freely. 

Q.  How  many  consonants  are  there  in  the  words  obey;  echo; 
away;  Annie? 

A.  One.     b,  in  obey;   k,  in  ecJio;   w,  in  away;   n,  in  Annie. 

Q.  How  many  vowels  in  obey,  and  what  are  they? 

A.  Two;  o  and  a. 

Q.  Which  is  the  accented  vowel? 

A.  a. 

Q.  How  can  you  determine  the  accented  vowel  of  a  word? 

A.  It  is  the  one  which  can  be  emphasized  strongly  without 
changing  the  pronunciation  of  the  word. 

Q.  What  does  each  character  used  in  phonetic  shorthand  rep- 
resent? 

A.  An  elementary  sound  of  the  English  language. 


ELEMENTS 


PHONETIC    STENOGRAPHY 


INTRODUCTORY  CHAPTER 

§  1.  Spoken  Language  is  the  expression  of  thought  by  the  various 
sounds  of  the  human  voice  combined  into  words. 

§  2.  Phonetic  Spelling  is  resolving  the  words  of  a  language 
into  their  elementary  sounds. 

§  3.  Phonography  is  any  kind  of  writing  wherein  each  letter  or 
character,  or  a  combination  of  them,  uniformly  represents  an  ele- 
mentary sound. 

§  4.  Stenography  or  Shorthand  is  any  kind  of  abbreviated 
writing. 

§  5.  The  Sounds  used  in  the  formation  of  words  are  divided  into 
obstructed  or  consonant  sounds,  and  free  or  vowel  sounds.  The 
consonant  sounds  are  of  two  kinds,  breath  and  voice. 

§  6.  In  Phonetic  Shorthand  the  consonants  of  the  language 
are  denoted  by  curved  lines  derived  from  the  circle  and  by  simple 
straight  Unes. 

The  obstructed  breath  sounds,  represented  by  the  capital  letters 
of  the  words  below  the  stems,  are  denoted  by  light  lines,  thus: 

\       I        /      _      V,       (        )       J 

Pole      Toe      CH  eer      Kill      Fear      TH  igh      Seal      SH  all 

The  obstructed  voice  sounds  are  mates  of  the  above-named  breath 
sounds,  being  formed  by  the  organs  of  speech  when  in  the  same 
positions,  but  with  the  voice  instead  of  the  breath,  and  are  repre- 
sented by  the  same  phonographic  signs,  made  heavy  or  shaded,  thus: 

\      I       /      _      <-       (        )       J 

B  owl      D  oe      J  eer      G  ame      V  eer      TH  y      Z  eal      a  Z  ure 

11 


12 

The  remaining  voiced  consonants  are  represented  some  by  light 
and  some  by  heavy  Unes,  the  individuals  of  each  pair  bearing  no 
relation  in  sound  to  each  other. 

There  is  a  second  form  for  R,  as  heard  in  Rarey,  which  is  a  K 
elevated  a  few  degrees  at  the  right  hand  end.  This  is  used  chiefly 
when  R  is  the  first  sound  in  the  word,  and  when  at  the  end  of  words 
that  sound  is  followed  by  a  vowel. 

The  one  free  breath  sound,  or  aspirate  H,  is  classed  with  the  con- 
sonants. 

The  forms  for  these  consonants  are  as  follows: 


L  et     Y  et     ai  R     W  ear     M  ay     H  ay     si  N     si  NG     R  ough 

§  7.  The  above  characters,  which  are  called  stems,  are  the  primary 
forms  for  the  consonant  sounds.  The  most  frequently  recurring 
consonants  and  combinations  of  consonants  are  represented  by 
smaller  secondary  forms  in  the  shape  of  circles,  loops,  and  hooks, 
which  are  called  adjuncts. 

§  8.  The  stem  or  stems  that  are  required  to  represent  the  con- 
sonant sounds  of  a  word,  with  the  adjuncts,  constitute  what  is 
called  the  outline. 

The  outline  is  always  written  before  the  vowels  are  inserted,  so 
as  to  give  definiteness  to  the  position  of  the  vowels;  placing  the  vowel 
signs  is  called  vocahzing  the  outUne. 

§  9.  The  characters  used  to  express  the  vowel  sounds  consist  of 
dots,  dashes,  and  small  angles. 

§  10.  Each  phonographic  character  has  usually  two  powers,  a 
primary  or  sound  power  used  in  giving  the  full  representation  of 
single  words,  and  a  secondary  or  word  power  used  in  the  abbreviated 
representation  of  single  words,  and  in  phrase  writing.  It  is  on  the 
free  application  of  this  word  power  that  reporters  are  largely  depend- 
ent for  their  wonderful  speed. 

The  punctuation  marks  used  in  stenography  are  the  same  as 
those  of  common  writing,  except  that  the  period  is  denoted  by  a 
small  cross  written  on  the  hne,  and  the  dash  by  a  waved  instead 
of  a  straight  Une. 

FIRST  PRACTICE 

After  sharpening  your  pencil,  form  a  tracing  point  at  the  other 
end,  by  trimming  it  like  a  pen  point.  Use  this  as  a  tracer,  which  will 
not  mark  the  book,  and  with  it  go  carefully  over  each  stem  many 
times,  repeating  the  sound  of  it  aloud.  This  practice  will  train  the 
eye  to  observe  and  the  hand  to  imitate  the  exact  forms  and  sizes  of 
the  letters  and  outlines. 


13 


CONSONANT 

ALPHABET 

LETTEK             1 

NAME 

PHONOGRAPH 

SOUND  AS  IN 

P 

pee 

\ 

p  ole. 

B 

bee 

\ 

6  owl. 

T 

tee 

1 

t  oe. 

D 

tlee 

1 

d  oe. 

CII 

chay 

/ 

ch  eer. 

J 

jay 

/ 

j  eer. 

K 

kay 

c  ame. 

G 

gay 

g  ame. 

F 

ef 

^ 

/ear. 

V 

vee 

L 

V  eer. 

TH 

ith 

( 

Ih  igh. 

Th 

thee 

( 

//ly. 

S 

es 

) 

s  eal. 

z 

zee 

) 

z  eal. 

SH 

shee 

J 

s/i  y. 

ZH 

zhee 

J 

azure. 

L 

lee 

r 

I  ay. 

R 

f         ur, 

■^ 

f        ai  r. 

[        ree 

^ 

\        ray. 

Y 

yay 

r 

2/  ell. 

W 

way 

■>! 

w  ell. 

M 

em 

^ 

7?!  et. 

N 

en 

^_- 

n  et. 

NG 

ing 

s^ 

si  ng. 

ASPIRATE     OR 

FREE     BREATH. 

H 

hay 

^ 

h  ave. 

14 


CHAPTER  I 

STEM  CONSONANTS  AND  VOWEL  SIGNS 

Illustrated  by  Alphabet  Plates 

Principle  I.  The  horizontal  stems  are  made  from  left  to  right, 
and  the  uprights  and  slopes  downward  with  the  exception  of  Lee  and 
SHee,  which  are  usually  struck  upward,  and  should  always  be  thus 
written  when  uncombined  with  another  stein. 

.  Pronounce  the  7iaine  and  then  the  sound  of  each  stem  until  both 
are  familiar,  at  the  same  time  tracing  the  characters  lightly  and 
slowly  with  a  dry  pen,  or  a  wooden  point  made  at  the  reverse  end 
from  the  pencil  point. 

Principle  II.  A  vowel  sign  represents  the  same  sound  on 
either  side  of  a  stem;  but  if  placed  to  the  left  of  an  upright  or  slope, 
or  above  a  horizontal,  it  represents  a  vowel  sound  which  is  to  be 
heard  before  that  of  the  stem,  while  if  placed  to  the  right  or  below, 
it  is  to  be  heard  after. 

Principle  III.  First  or  open  vowel  signs  are  written  near  the 
upper  end  of  an  upright  or  slope,  and  near  the  right  end  of  a  hori- 
zontal; second  or  mecUal  signs  are  written  near  the  middle  of  a 
stem;  and  third  or  close  vowel  signs  are  placed  near  the  lotver 
end  of  an  upright  or  slope  and  near  the  left  hand  of  a  horizontal. 

This  principle  need  not  be  applied  rigidly  to  the  four  compound 
vowel  signs,  because  each  has  a  distinctive  form. 

condensed  or  six-vowel  scale 

A  vowel  sign  has  no  other  name  than  its  sound. 

The  vowel  sounds  are  denoted  by  dots,  dashes,  and  small  angles, 
written  near  the  stem.  Heavy  dots  and  dashes  denote  the  long 
vowel  sounds,  and  light  dots  and  dashes  the  short  vowels. 

Pronounce  the  key-word  opposite  each  vowel  sign  in  the  following 
scale,  and  then  give  the  pure  vowel  sound  designated  by  the  italic 
letter  in  the  word. 

simple  vowels 

First  Place cors 

Second  "    make 

Third     "    eat 

compound  vowels 
First  Place ......  fine  V 


1; 

.  carry 

all 

— 

—  on 

1 

•  i 

•  men 

own 

— i 

1    up 

'2 

•  i 

.  little 

do 

■- 

—  good 

3 

Third 


>  hoys  how  l 

(to) 


<  heauty  3 


The  vowel  signs  should  be  made  close  to,  but  not  touching  the 
stems.  A  compound  vowel  sign  may  be  united  with  the  stem  at  the 
beginning  or  end  according  as  its  sound  is  to  be  heard  before  or 
after,  wlienever  this  can  be  done  easily  and  plainly  without  raising 
the  hand. 

The  dash  signs  should  preserve  their  directions  as  shown  in  the 
vowel  scale,  and  be  struck  from  left  to  right  and  downwards. 


15 

GEOMETRICAL   ARRANGExMENT   OF   CONSONANTS. 
UPRIGHTS. 


( 

( 

1 

) 

) 

i' 

TH 

Tllee 

Toe             Dee 

eS 

Zee 

SLOPES. 

eP 

Vee 

Pee                Bee 

uR 

Way 

^ 

^ 

\                  \ 

"^ 

^ 

(F 

r 

/                 / 

J/ 

J 

Lee 

Yay 

CHay              Jay 
HORIZONTALS. 

SHee 

ZHee 

eM 

-- 

Kay 

[eN^^ 

Hay 

-''^ 

Gav   

Ree^-- 

iNG^^ 

VOWEL  SIGNS  placed  to  Sfcom  . 

1st,  or  Open  vow-       \        I         /  ^,^^''  (  '         ^ '— 

els,    near    the    top 

of    Uprights     and  P-avv  D-aw  J-aw    R-aw     C-aw     L  aw  SH-aw  gN-aw 

Slopes,      and     near 

the    right    hand  of    iv  /v       ^^  \v  ,v 

^  \        (  ^-^      )      J 


the  Horizontals.  V_  \        /  ^ — N.      )      _y  "^ ^      ,^^ 

F-Ie    TH-y   L-ie  M-y  S-igh  Sll-y     N-igh    R-ye 

2d,     or     Medial,    ^\^           \-          /-  ^      ""=~    f~       ,'<S^         J- 

near  the  middle  of                      '             '  '^                            '                "*          — 
Stems. 

H-eau  D-OLigh  J-oe  R-oe       G-o    L-ow  Il-oe  SH-ow 


3d,  or  Close,  near 

Z£ZJtjl,    ^-    D-oCh-ewR-uo  C-o<      L-ee    M-e       M-oo 

and  near  the  left  end     I              /            \                /  ~v              \ 

of  the  Horizontals.        V!         \»          /.         ^  *                   •)           •/            ""-—^ 

F-ee  TH-ee  See  SH-e  kN-ee  ea-R     ea-Se      e'e-N 


Itj 


FULL  OR  EIGHT-VOWEL  SCALE 


The  same  signs  indicate  the  same  sounds  in  both  the  six-  and  the 
eight-vowel  scales,  only  that  in  the  Condensed  Six-Vowel  Scale 
the  signs  for  ah,  d,  o,  and  H  represent  both  the  long  and  the  short 
sound  of  each  pair.  The  key  words  contain  the  vowels  which  have 
been  omitted  from  the  six-vowel  scale. 


1st  I 

2d  Vut\       I 
3d 


I    Cuba         Pare 


-Omit 


To  get  the  pure  vowel  or  consonant  sound  in  a  word,  pronounce 
the  word  very  slowly.  That  part  which  is  uttered  while  any  of  the 
organs  of  speech  are  so  much  in  contact  as  to  nearly  or  quite  obstruct 
the  voice  or  breath  is  the  consonant  part  of  the  word;  that  uttered 
when  the  organs  of  speech  are  more  widely  separated  is  the  vowel 
part  of  it.  In  saying  m-e,  the  lips  are  first  closed;  then  if  an  effort 
is  made  to  say  the  word  without  opening  the  mouth,  a  humming 
sound  is  produced,  which  is  the  consonant  m;  when  the  lips  part 
the  voice  issues  as  the  vowel  e.  Pronounce  m-ay,  and  the  mouth 
opens  wider  when  the  vowel  is  sounded.  Say  b-ah!  and  the  aperture 
is  made  still  greater.  The  separation  of  the  consonant  and  vowel 
elements  by  a  hiatus  constitutes  phonetic  spelhng,  or  spelling  by 
sound. 

Those  vowels  requiring  but  slight  opening  of  the  mouth  to  allow 
free  passage  of  the  voice  are  grouped  and  called  third  place,  or  close 
vowels;  a  wider  opening  gives  the  second,  or  medial  group;  those 
sounded  with  the  widest  aperture  are  first  place,  or  open  vowels. 
It  is  easiest,  in  going  through  either  the  six-  or  eight-vowel  scale, 
to  begin  with  the  third  place,  ascending  with  the  dot  signs  and 
descending  with  the  dashes.  When  a  vowel  sign  is  written  without 
a  stem,  place  it  with  reference  to  the  line  of  writing  above,  on,  or 
below. 

A  few  words,  as  I,  a,  awe,  ah!  oh!  eh?  are  simply  vowels,  having  no 
consonant  element.  These,  and  most  vowels,  when  preceded  by  the 
aspirate.  Hay,  form  other  words;  as  high,  he,  who,  etc.  To  secure 
the  convenience  of  a  stem  form  for  the  aspirate,  so  that  any  vowel 
may  be  denoted  in  connection  with  it,  or  the  stem  be  used  to  denote 
a  word  of  which  the  aspirate  is  a  prominent  part,  Hay  is  classed  with 
the  consonants. 

In  phonography,  the  vowels  are  paired  in  accordance  with  their 
sounds,  and  not  as  in  the  dictionaries  and  spelling  books  from  the 
letter  used  to  denote  them.  Those  sounds  are  placed  together  in 
the  phonographic  vowel  scale  which  are  made  with  the  organs  of 
speech  in  hke  position  or  nearly  so.  Tested  in  this  way,  what  is 
usually  called  short  i  in  fit,  is  found  to  be  the  real  mate  of  long  e 
in  feet,  and  is  therefore  paired  with  it;  short  e  in  met  is  nearest  in 
sound  to  long  a  in  mate;  short  a  in  ?nat  requires  a  wider  opening  of 
the  mouth  and  is  placed  in  the  first  group  with  the  vowels  in  air. 


17 

far,  and  ask.  So,  also,  the  sound  called  short  o,  as  in  not,  is  found 
to  be  nearer  to  the  broad  a  in  fall  than  it  is  to  long  o  in  note,  and  it 
is  therefore  ranged  in  the  first  phice  with  au.  The  natural  vowel 
termed  short  u,  heard  in  bun,  but,  etc.,  and  which  is  lengthened 
before  r  in  burst,  stir,  her,  etc.,  bears  no  relation  to  the  sound  of 
0  long,  and  therefore  in  the  above  scale,  though  its  sign  is  written 
in  the  second  place,  the  dash  is  struck  in  a  different  direction  from 
that  of  0.  This  natural  vowel  is  usually  heard  as  the  sound  of  the 
a,  at  the  end  of  proper  names,  as  Victoria;  though  careful  speakers 
give  a  more  open  sound — -a  short  ah,  as  in  Minneha-ha.  The  sounds 
of  00  in  fool  and  u  in  full  are  simply  the  long  and  short  of  each  other. 

It  is  necessary  that  the  difference  between  the  mated  short  and 
long  sounds  of  the  dot  signs  should  be  fully  appreciated.  Thus 
bit,  short  vowel — beet,  long;  bet,  short — bait,  long.  Remember  that 
what  is  usually  called  short  a  as  in  mat  is  in  the  first  place — a  light 
dot;  while  long  a  as  in  mate,  is  in  the  second  place — a  heavy  dot. 
That  short  e  as  in  met  is  in  the  second  place — a  hght  dot;  but  long 
e  as  in  meet  is  in  the  third  place — a  heavy  dot.  WTiat  is  termed 
long  i,  in  ice,  is  a  compound  sound,  having  a  complex  character 
to  denote  it,  and  is  classed  with  the  other  close  diphthongs,  oi,  ow 
and  ew. 

Those  who  fail  to  appreciate  any  difference  between  the  sound  of 
a  in  bar  and  a  in  was,  and  of  a  in  bar  antl  o  in  on  and  not,  may,  in 
such  words,  use  the  perpendicular  first  place  dash,  where  the  vowel 
is  denoted  by  a,  and  the  horizontal  where  it  is  denoted  by  o,  until 
the  sounds  are  discriminated. 

Be  careful  to  use  the  heavy  dash  in  the  second  place  for  the  vowel 
in  more,  door,  oar,  four,  etc.  Some  persons  pronounce,  in  this  class 
of  words,  the  same  vowel  that  is  heard  in  bought,  nor,  etc.  This 
is  incorrect;  the  full  sound  of  long  o  should  be  given  in  oar,  more,  etc. 


18 


CHAPTER  II 

WORDS  HAVING  BUT  ONE  CONSONANT  SOUND 

Illustrated  by  Plates  3  and  4 

Principle  IV.  When  the  vowel  in  a  word  is  a  first  place  or 
open  sound,  the  stem  representing  the  consonant  element  is  written 
a  httle  above  the  line  of  writing,  and  the  word  is  said  to  be  in  the 
first  position. 

If  the  vowel  is  a  second  or  medial,  the  stem  rests  on  the  line 
and  occupies  what  is  known  as  the  second  position. 

When  the  vowel  is  a  third  or  close  sound,  the  stem,  if  an  upright 
or  slope,  is  struck  through  the  line,  and  if  a  horizontal,  is  made 
entirely  below  it;  the  word  is  then  in  the  third  position. 

In  case  there  are  two  or  more  vowels,  the  accented  vowel  deter- 
mines the  position  of  the  stem. 

§  2.  A  consonant  may  have  a  vowel  both  before  and  after  it; 
or  two  vowels  before  or  two  after;  in  either  case  the  word  will  be 
of  more  than  one  syllable. 

Where  two  vowels  occur  on  the  same  side  of  a  stem,  if  both  are 
full  and  quite  distinct,  it  is  best  to  write  them  separately  with  their 
proper  signs,  that  one  nearest  to  the  stem  which  sounds  nearest. 
See  Ohio,  Iowa,  in  Plate  3,  second  Une  from  the  bottom. 

A  short  or  sUghtly  sounding  vowel  may  be  indicated  by  a  Ught 
tick  attached  to  the  sign  for  the  accented  or  prominent  vowel.  This 
is  easily  done  if  the  sign  be  a  dash  or  compound.    See  doughy,  dewy. 

Should  the  stronger  vowel  be  a  dot  sign,  elongate  the  dot  into  a 
dash  in  the  direction  in  which  the  stem  P  is  struck,  and  prefix  or 
add  a  tick  for  the  weaker  vowel.  See  idea.  The  sign  for  each  vowel 
may,  however,  be  written  separately  and  in  its  proper  place. 

§  3.  The  aspirate  or  breathing  sound  occurs  only  before  vowel 
sounds  and  the  sounds  of  W  and  Y. 

The  stem  Hay  is  usually  substituted  by  a  short,  slanting  stroke, 
called  the  Hay-tick,  which  is  joined  at  a  sharp  angle  to  the  beginning 
of  any  stem  except  Kay,  Gay,  and  Ree.  Whenever  it  is  not  conven- 
ient to  use  the  Hay-tick,  the  vowel  sign  can  be  aspirated  by  placing 
a  small  dot  beside  it. 

Rule  1.  A  word  containing  but  one  consonant  sound  must  have 
that  consonant  represented  by  a  stem  sign.  Exceptions  to  the  rule 
are  classed  as  word-signs.    See  plate  4,  the,  an,  ivho,  as,  is. 

Proper  names  are  designated  by  two  small  dashes  under  the  out- 
lines, and  emphatic  words  by  a  wave  line. 


19 

DIRECTIONS  FOR  WRITING  A  WORD  IN  PHONETIC  STENOGRAPHY 

First,  separate  thp  word  into  its  elementary  sounds,  speaking  each 
distinctly  and  separately;  then  write  the  stem  which  represents  the 
consonant  element  in  its  proper  position,  according  as  its  vowel  is 
a  first,  second,  or  tliird  place  vowel.  I^astly,  write  the  vowel  sign  or 
signs  near  the  stem,  before  or  after,  in  accordance  with  Principles 
I,  II,  and  III. 

Words  that  are  pronounced  alike,  though  differing  in  their  com- 
mon spelhng,  are  written  alike  in  phonography;  as,  know,  no.  But 
words  pronounced  differently,  though  spelled  ahke,  are  written 
differently,  according  to  their  sound;  thus  hoiv,  a  ribbon,  and  bow, 
to  bend  the  body,  are  written  with  a  different  vowel  sign. 


PRACTICE  ON  WORD-PLATES  AND  READING  LESSONS 

Each  line  of  a  phonographic  page  that  consists  of  single  words, 
and  each  paragraph  of  a  reading  lesson,  should  be  worked  up  sepa- 
rately in  the  following  manner: 

1st.  Read  the  words  of  the  line  or  paragraph  several  times  vnth 
the  printed  key. 

2d.  Read  the  same  line  without  looking  at  the  key  until  it  can  be 
read  easily. 

3d.  Copy  the  phonograpliic  forms  of  the  line  very  carefully  five 
times,  pronouncing  each  word  before  copying  it. 

4th.  Make  a  test  by  writing  the  same  words  from  the  printed  key 
in  shorthand,  without  looking  at  the  phonographic  plate. 

5th.  Compare  your  writing  with  the  plate,  and  correct  errors. 


20 


Key  to  Plate  3 
words  having  but  one  stem 

First    Place.— At,  ought,  toy,  add,  odd,  die,  eyes,  thigh,  thy, 
thou,  saw,  sigh; 
Pa,  paw,  buy,  boy,  bough,  fie,  vie,  vow,  oil,  or,  our; 
ire,  jaw,  joy,  all,  law,  isle,  lie,  shah,  Shaw,  ash,  shy; 
rye,  row,  cow,  my,  Ma,  mow,  nigh,  now. 
Second  Place. — Eight,  aid,  day,  ode,  oath,  they,  though,  us,  say, 
so,  pay; 
up,  beau,  oar,  err,  way,  etch,  edge,  ale,  lay,  low,  show; 
ache,  oak,  gay,  roe,  aim,  hay,  hoe,  own,  no  or  know. 
Third   Place. — Eat,  it,  too  or  two,  do,  ooze,  see,  S>ie,  ease,  pea, 
bee,  if; 
few,  view,  ear,  each,  chew,  Jew,  eel,  ill,  lea,  heu,  we; 
me,  mew,  moo,  coo,  inn,  knee,  new  or  knew,  key,  rue. 
Two    Syllables. — Ado,   adieu,   essay,   obey,   avow,   away,   allay, 
alley,  allow,  ashy,  issue,  easy; 
echo,  ago,  Anna,  Annie,  Ohio,  Iowa,  doughy,  dewy,  idea,  Utah. 
Aspirate    Tick   and    Dot. — Hope,  hide,  hoof,  heavy,  hall,  hush, 
why,  hymn,  home,  honey. 


Sentences  for  Writing  after  Plates  3   and  4  have   been 

STUDIED 

The  boy  you  see  is  Ray  Low.  He  may  say  he  has  no  home.  I 
am  to  show  it  to  you.  It  is  high  up  on  the  hill.  A  day  ago  he  hung 
up  his  hoe,  and  had  an  idea  to  go  away  to  Ohio.  Now  he  is  here, 
and  we  see  him  each  day  in  our  alley.  Do  you  see  how  happy  and 
gay  he  is  ? 


21 

PLATE  3 

Words   having  but  One  Consonant  Sound. 


Directions 
and  Places 

of 
Vowel  Signs. 
See  chap.  2, 
Prin.  II  &  III 

First 
or  Open. 

Stem  in 
First  Place. 


Second 

or  Medial 

Vowels. 

Stem  in 
Second  Place. 


Third 
or  Close. 

Stem  in 
Third  Place, 


Two  or  more 
Syllables 

Aspirate  tick, 


2  -X 
3  -^" 


i_j r_j_  J L.l._-,£ (' (^ I ^ 

5  \  _\  _ \_  \  5. tL >L  £; j^  '^ 

■^__/^A_r  r  r r  z^ J- j_j 

•i...j.,„i -1 -( i i I )r )- ^ 

X \ 3, 5i i I   I r £ E. J 


.1 \ I. I. -) \ -I  .) \. \; t 

W-~^ -./ i  I ./--.r e 7? ^, 


i-,_A :*k :^ £ C C. 2 ^ ^ 

....,i-i.„...5r: ±. i 1 


1 , i^X^d^ A 


J    I  J 


V 


22 


Plate  4 
Sign  Words  and  Vowel  Words 

§  1.  The  small  characters  at  the  top  of  Plate  4  represent  the 
words  beside  them.  Each  is  in  position  according  to  the  vowel  of 
the  word  denoted.  Strike  the  light  tick  for  and  upwards,  but  the 
heavy  dashes  downwards.  The  circle  represents  the  sound  of  s  or 
z.  The  horizontal  half-circle  denotes  that  of  n,  and  the  perpen- 
dicular that  of  /  or  v. 

§  2.  The  half-circle  word-signs  for  07i,  of,  in,  if,  should  be 
turned  in  the  direction  indicated,  unless,  in  phrasing,  the  opposite 
direction  forms  a  better  outline. 

§  3.  The  dot-sign  for  the  article  the,  may  be  elongated  into  a 
slanting  tick,  and  attached  to  the  sign  for  and,  and  to  the  half-cir- 
cle word-signs.  The  may  be  expressed  in  the  same  way  after  a 
stem  or  final  adjunct,  whenever  it  makes  a  distinct  angle  in  joining. 
The  sign  for  and  the  is  inverted  to  express  of  the.  The  word  a  is 
sometimes  expressed  by  a  perpendicular  or  horizontal  tick  joined 
to  a  following  stem  or  hook. 


Simple  Sentences 

I  see  you.  I  know  I  ought  to  know  you,  and  I  do  know  you  now. 
See  my  new  hoe.  Th;  inn  is  high  up.  Who  has  the  key  of  the  pew? 
See  Joe  Lee  and  his  cow.  The  boy  may  tie  the  cow.  The  cow  may  eat 
the  hay.  How  do  you  do?  Oh,  the  sea  in  the  bay  is  low.  How  is 
Eddie?  I  saw  him  on  the  way  to  you.  He  owes  Joe  the  pay  of  a  day. 
I  know  the  way,  and  the  boy  may  show  it  to  you.  Whose  idea  is 
it  to  allow  Emma  to  go  to  Iowa?  If  we  pay  our  way,  you  and  I 
may  go.  May  is  at  home,  and  I  am  happy  to  know  it.  He  has  his 
home  on  the  hill.  Who  is  in  the  hall?  Ah,  I  see  a  bee.  Go  away, 
bee,  to  the  hive.  The  dew  is  heavy.  The  air  is  dewy.  It  is  a  joy 
to  row  on  the  bay. 


23 

Key  to  Plate  4 
Vowel  Words — Word-Signs 


.  „^  ..^.-,  the         -— — —  high 

.•...!_«?_,  a,  an      ^.^ ^  how 

,  and        ah 


„ -.".has 

t 

awes 

his 

•o 

f.... 

owe,  0 

,on 

■« 

owes 

'      of 

.who 

in 

of  the     , he 

I  .  him         _ whose 


•- i <'^— ^-~ I- ^ -■ \_>^-^ 

,) ^_^ .«v,..,..„j_,^ ^....- K.. ^ .,_ __^ ..\^? ) f- 


U  .o  *      •  •  •  .1 

^1.  <  \J '• V  i-^~^ '^' '-0  U '-^^ 

A..^,A i b : :^. ,:^- : 1 ^^..^j^ 


i.-.« ^ ' 


I-  <       <f 


...1  ..„ .._.| __I.., : _.,r-r-. I «^ I  "'  1 


X ^, IX.^,, 


U ~  .r  * \  "•'6 Nf    "■'* / oi       i^ " * 


i \.* "«" ^ \ I ''■-- J o- ^---v— 


J 


..:,„Zi ^  -  \ 


24 


CHAPTER  III 

REGULAR  FINAL  ADJUNCTS  N,    *N,  SH'n,  T,  NT,  AND  T'N 

Illustrated  by  Plate  5 

§  1.  Final  adjuncts  are  either  modifications  of  stems  or  small 
characters,  such  as  hooks  and  circles,  placed  at  the  end  of  stems. 
Their  use  is  to  shorten  the  outhne  and  to  add  certain  consonant 
sounds  or  separate  syllables  whenever  no  final  vowel  follows  those 
sounds  or  syllables.  A  vowel  is  usually  heard  between  the  sound 
of  the  stem  and  that  of  the  adjunct,  which  has  its  sign  written  in 
the  proper  position  and  as  near  the  stem  as  practicable.  If  a  vowel 
sign  is  placed  outside  of  a  hook  or  circle,  still  the  vowel  sounds  next 
to  the  stem. 

§  2.  The  N-hook  is  a  small  final  hook.  It  is  made  on  the  inside 
of  the  curved  stems,  on  the  under  side  of  the  straight  horizontals, 
and  on  the  left  side  of  straight  uprights  and  slopes.  It  is  used  to 
express  the  simple  sound  of  n.    Lines  1,  2,  3. 

Caution:  Be  very  careful  completely  to  finish  the  stem,  making 
it  of  full  length  and  proper  shape  before  beginning  to  turn  the  hook; 
also  to  keep  the  hook  parallel  with  the  stem,  not  turning  the  point 
inwards  in  the  slightest  degree.   , 

§  3.  The  In-hook  represents  the  final  syllables  in,  en,  an,  on,  or 
un  when  they  follow  a  vowel  sound  which  is  preceded  by  a  stem, 
as  in  TU-iu,  li-ort,  etc.  The  In-hook  is  a  distinct  sign,  made  as  a  mi- 
nute half  circle,  turned  either  up  or  doivn,  but  not  sideways,  and  made 
to  form  an  acute  angle  with  the  precechng  stem  or  hook.  It  is  added 
to  full  length  stems,  only  when  final  n  is  preceded  by  two  successive 
vowels.    Line  4. 

§  4.  The  Shun-hooks  represent  the  syllables  tion,  cion,  sion,  etc. 

§  5.  The  1st  Shun-hook  is  the  same  as  the  N-hook,  but  it  is  larger. 
This  form  is  used  at  the  end  of  any  stem  when  a  vowel  precedes 
the  syllable  shun,  as  in  caution. 

§  6.  The  2d  Shun-hook  resembles  the  In-hook,  but  is  larger.  It 
is  added  to  straight  stems  when  no  vowel  comes  between  the  stem 
and  the  following  shun,  as  in  auction,  and  it  can  also  be  attached 
to  a  preceding  hook  or  halved  stem.  After  a  half-length  stem  a 
vowel  precedes  the  2d  Shun-hook.    Lines  5,  6. 

§  7.  A  simple  stem  sign  is  made  half-size  to  express  the  added 
soimd  of  t  only,  with  the  exception  of  W  and  Z  which  are  halved  to 
add  either  t  or  d. 

The  stem  S  is  halved  only  when  its  sound  is  preceded  by  a  vowel, 
as  in  eaSt. 


25 

The  words  marked  "Special"  on  line  8,  are  frequently  recurring 
words  exceptionally  halved  for  d. 

§  8.  A  finally  hooked  stem,  that  is  one  having  an  N-.  1st  Shun-, 
or  other  final  hook,  may  be  halved  to  add  t  or  d,  the  hook  sounding 
before  the  halving;  thus:  nt,  sh'nt.    Lines  9,  10. 

§  9.  The  In-hook  attached  to  a  half-length  stem  expresses  the 
termination  i'n;  this  hook  succeeds  the  halving  as  does  also  the  2d 
IShun-hook. 


WRITE  THIS  TEST  LESSON  AFTER  PLATE   5  HAS  BEEN  STUDIED 

Leon  has  gone  up  the  lane.  It  may  rain,  so  do  you  run.  The  pain 
is  in  the  bone  of  my  knee.  The  llussitm  got  in  a  passion,  and  lay 
down  on  the  cushion.  John  Ryan  bought  a  boat  at  the  auction. 
I  saw  the  kitten;  she  has  her  paw  on  my  mitten.  The  wind  is  in 
the  east.  Sew  the  button  on  my  coat.  We  went  to  hunt  upon  the 
mount  and  caught  a  fawn.  We  thought  it  might  be  a  goat.  Ah, 
it  has  no  horn.    It  ran  away  to  the  wood. 


26 


Key  to  Plate  5 
Regular  Final  Adjuncts,  n,  sh'n,  t,  etc. 

1.  N-hook. — Thin,  than,  thine,  zone,  fun,  even,  often,  Allen, 
line,  alone,  shown,  shun,  earn. 

When  the  vowel  between  the  stem  and  hook  is  very  slightly 
sounded,  as  in  "even,"  it  need  not  be  denoted. 

2.  Mean,  amen,  hen,  none,  known,  wine,  whine,  one,  yawn,  hewn, 
assign. 

3.  Pain,  open,  upon,  eaten,  done,  Eden,  chain,  chin,  June,  kin, 
arraign,  run,  gun. 

4.  In-hook. — Lion,  Cheyenne,  scion,  ruin,  lean,  Leon,  bone, 
Bowen,  Rhine,  Ryan,  peon. 

5.  Shun-hooks. — Nation,  mission,  emotion,  fashion,  evasion, 
session,  lotion,  elision  or  elysian,  vision,  fusion,  effusion. 

6.  Caution,  cushion,  occasion,  Russian,  oration,  edition,  passion. 
Option,  action,  auction,  pension,  mention. 

7.  Halving — adds  t. — Pat,  pet,  but,  tight,  taught,  date,  dot, 
cheat,  root,  wrote,  right,  chat,  fat,  vote,  foot,  thought,  that,  night. 

Write  half  length  stems  entirely  below  the  line  for  the  3rd  position. 

8.  Yacht,  art,  rat,  east,  wheat,  wood,  wide,  eased. 
Special. — Did,  deed,  God,  good,  made,  paid,  could,  should. 

9.  Nt  or  nd. — Paint  or  pained,  tent  or  tend,  don't,  chained,  can't, 
rent  or  rend,  rained,  land,  lent  or  lend,  find,  faint,  thinned,  meant 
or  mend,  mind,  hint. 

10.  Wind,  whined,  gained,  shunned,  bind,  arraigned,  around, 
event,  assigned,  opened,  abound,  attend,  island,  amount,  patient. 

11.  Cotton,  kitten,  mutton,  mitten,  fatten,  bitten,  written, 
button,  rotten,  gotten,  Latin,  maiden. 


sentences 

The  town  has  gone  to  ruin.  It  is  an  odd  fashion.  I  thought  you 
made  a  motion.  We  made  the  good  man  shout  right  out.  His 
head  is  not  so  hot  as  mine.  He  wrote  to  Jane  about  the  lion.  We 
meant  to  rent  the  land.  They  shunned  the  hght.  She  has  a  notion 
to  write,  though  she  may  not  do  so.  The  kitten  lay  upon  the  cot- 
ton and  ate  the  mutton.  Be  patient  and  don't  mention  the  action 
or  the  occasion. 


27 


PLATE  5 


^_JL.j:__v^i :k_/lj:i_Y^i,j:_jLj\ 


-c.— ^~~--^— ^v. 


2^ (;r7>' yTSu .-s-^ -• 


^    ^    -^   r    .    -3 


\....J^.S I..„ I I A.. /.._../._ ___.^ .^.„, 


•■.J- ' .J ^"/-^ 

^.j3_-^.._.^__.x^ z^_^j_..A...::^._ii._.ii_Ni...^... 

7L.A_\„\..-£Jl..h._L  -     ^ .  ^*  /•  ^  L-     £_l-2:!... 

2..^.Il :^....  ... 2 ,  ^..  I Z_.^._^.....v_™ 

//,  *^  51       ^       ^       -^      t-       '^^     -\      '^"      •(•      '^-      '^       vV 

10^-        ..^ r.^ .■^. ^. Vo _ ..r-i J .Ni-. 


~~, .....\.~^*—}-~~~ K ^--^ .^it=^X, 

-J v,-:?„„.|;.._l._fc._.^__,rzr^ |.._J-^....._ ^ /^.. ^_.___ 

J jt^..x — .\^...._cf. JT — <cr:r|^- — .- ^..^. .T^T^...-K--->J 


28 


Sign  Words — Simple  Stem  Signs 
Illustrated  by  Plate  6 

§  1.  Sign-words  are  words  of  frequent  occurrence  which  are  not 
represented  by  full  outlines,  but  by  a  single  character  which  de- 
notes the  most  prominent  vowel  or  consonant  sound  of  the  word. 
This  character  is  called  the  word-sign.  If  a  vowel-sign  is  used,  it 
is  written  in  place — above,  on,  or  below  the  line,  as  illustrated  by 
the  sign- words  on  Plate  4.  If  a  consonant  sign  is  employed,  it  is 
also  in  place  according  to  Principle  IV. 

Rule  2.  Use  the  stem  Ree  when  a  vowel  immediately  follows  the 
sound  of  r,  and  the  stem  uR  when  one  does  not. 

§  2.  The  words  are,  your,  where,  her,  here,  are  exceptional  to 
the  above  rule. 

Sentences  on  Plate  6 

Has  your  Pa  been  to  Easton?  No,  but  Joe  Ely  has;  he  went  with 
these  men  to  the  show.  Where  and  which  way  are  the  men  now 
gone?  I  don't  know  where  they  have  gone,  but  Aaron  is  here.  Will 
Roy  go  with  these  men  again?  No,  for  I  say  he  shall  not.  It  is  not 
for  a  boy  to  say  shall  or  will,  but  from  what  I  saw  of  Roy,  he  will 
not  go  to  Erie  again. 

It  awes  me  to  see  the  man  in  the  moon  open  his  round  eyes  so 
wide.  John  Bowen  will  rent  where  he  can  have  a  view  of  the  sea 
and  a  good  way  to  get  to  town.  From  the  day  when  Abby  Ryan 
went  to  Newton  we  have  had  no  mutton  for  tea.  They  say  that  meat 
is  not  good  for  us  at  night,  so  we  have  an  egg. 

Sentences  for  Writing  After  Plates  5  and  6  Have  Been 
Studied 

Do  not  go  in-the  rain  or  you  will  get  wet.  It  is  a  mean  act  to  hit 
a  boy  who  can't  run,  or  to  cheat  a  man  who  can't  see.  No  one 
should  be  made  to  eat  meat  if  he  has  no  want  of  it.  Lay  the  gun 
on-the  gate;  shut  your  right  eye  and  aim  at  the  eye  of  the  moon: 
you  will  see  a  faint  light  around  the  edge  when  you  shoot,  and  may 
have  to  lie  down  with  a  pain  in-the  head. 

Nqw  I  shall  say  adieu,  for  we  have  to  go  away  at  ten,  and  John 
will  be  in  a  passion  if  we  are  not  at  home  when  he  is  at  the  gate. 


29 


N^these 

S::...Jor 


with       ^V^._have 

^    were 

from 

.  I     .had 

.  I      what 


-when 


^ - V I ^ 

(■-■) ^ I -^-- ^■ 

_ij.._.^, ^ (i ..^. : 


Key  to  Plate  6 

Simple  Stem  Signs 

I      ^ 
f    which    i    -^ 

/^  vvill 

-,^  shall 

,v_.,evcr 

v.  over 

I s. 


iX 


_  where 


.  \^,...  her 

.^^  here 

>t     /- 


A  ^  them 
C.  well 

. ,-™  gave 
__■  give 

came 


r  .r. 


■/ 


z^... 


...A : )• , 

± ^™-.::^ f. 


■I ).■■ 


/ \. 


4 

■■••{- ^ 

--« » — 

A-  / 

--i 

JL_...):...__. 


f^ — I v^ — 


/^ 


u^ 


^ 


,..:^: 


, ^_j,_:lz, )-^ C 


I ' 

<-  I 


30 


CHAPTER  IV 

HEGULAK  FINAL  ADJUNCTS  —  CIRCLES  AND  LOOPS 

Illustrated  by  Plate  7 

§  1.  Circles  and  loops  are  always  formed  on  the  inside  of  the 
curved  stems.  Their  place  on  the  straight  stems  is  on  the  upper 
side  of  horizontals,  and  on  the  right  of  uprights  and  slopes,  unless 
the  sound  of  n  precedes  their  powers,  in  which  case  they  are  written 
on  the  same  side  as  the  N-hook. 

§  2.  A  small  circle  represents  the  sound  of  s  or  z.    Lines  1,  2,  3. 

§  3.  A  large  circle  denotes  the  sounds  of  ss,  sz,  zs,  or  zz,  combined 
in  one  syllable.  The  vowel  between  these  sounds  is  usually  indis- 
tinct and  not  denoted;  but  should  it  be  accented,  or  even  fully 
sounded,  the  vowel  sign  is  placed  within  the  circle.    Line  4. 

§  4.  A  small  loop  represents  the  combined  sounds  st,  with  no 
intervening  vowel.      Line  5. 

§  5.  A  large  loop  is  used  to  denote  the  sounds  of  sfr,  the  r  being 
preceded  by  a  vowel  which  is  usually  obscure,  but  which,  if  accented 
or  fully  sounded,  should  be  WTitten  within  the  loop.    Line  6. 

§  6.  Back  Circle  :  A  small  circle  formed  on  the  back,  or  other 
side  of  the  stem  from  the  circle  or  loop,  expresses  an  additional 
sound  of  s  or  z,  or  the  syllable  ez.     Line  7. 

§  7.  The  small  circle  and  loop  may  also  be  added  to  half  sized 
stems.  The  circle  is  much  used  to  express  the  plural  of  nouns  and 
the  third  person  singular  of  verbs.    Line  8. 

§  8.  Only  the  small  circle  can  be  placed  inside  of  a  hook;  it  should 
be  made  somewhat  oval  to  fit  neatly  into  the  hook.  The  large  circle 
and  the  loops  are  affixed  to  stems  only.    Line  9. 

§  9.  Either  of  the  circles  or  loops,  if  formed  on  the  left  or  n  side 
of  a  straight  stem,  includes  the  sound  of  a  preceding  n;  in  such 
cases  the  N-hook  need  not  be  formed,  but  only  the  circle  or  loop  be 
made  on  the  n  side.    Lines  10,  IL 

§  10.  The  halving  principle  for  t  or  d  is  often  combined  with  the 
final  hooks  and  the  small  circle  on  curved  stems,  and  with  the  circle 
on  the  left  side  of  straight  stems,  for  ns.  In  such  combinations 
particular  attention  must  be  paid  to  the  principle  that  the  power 
(by  which  is  meant  the  sound)  of  the  halving,  t  or  d,  comes  between 
the  sounds  n  or  sh'n  and  s;  and  also  that  the  power  of  the  circle 
is  invariably  the  last  poiver.     Line  12. 

§  11.  The  In-hook  is  added  after  any  circle  or  loop,  by  running 
the  pen  through  the  stem,  or  through  a  hook,  and  turning  the  In- 
hook  on  the  other  side.  The  accented  vowel  may  be  included  in 
the  In-hook.     Lines  13,  14. 


31 

§  12.  The  termination  composed  of  s,  vowel,  and  the  syllables 
tion,  cian,  and  sion  as  in  position,  physician,  decision,  is  expressed 
by  the  large  circle  and  In-hook;  the  circle  in  this  case  expresses 
ssh,  instead  of  s's  or  s'z.  The  vowel  between  the  sounds  of  s  and 
sh,  need  not  be  placed  witliin  the  circle,  since  it  is  always  the  accented 
vowel  of  the  word  and  will  be  denoted  by  the  position  of  the  outUne. 
Line  15. 

§  13.  Derivative  words  are  naturally  written  in  the  position  of 
their  root  or  primitive  words,  when  the  accented  vowel  of  the  latter 
is  long  and  remains  unchanged  in  sound.  This  is  the  case  with 
causation  and  accusation  at  the  end  of  hne  15. 

§  14.  In  vocahzing  a  stem  having  a  final  hook,  circle,  or  loop,  it 
is  often  necessary  to  put  the  vowel  sign  outside  of  the  adjunct,  and 
therefore  at  some  distance  from  the  stem.  In  reading  it  should 
be  borne  in  mind,  that  the  vowels  belong  to  the  stems,  and  sound 
immediately  before  or  after  them,  according  to  the  side  of  the  stem  on 
which  they  are  placed. 

§  15.  The  final  adjuncts  all  sound  after  the  vowel  sign,  in  the  fol- 
lowing order:  1st,  Hooks;  '2d,  Halving  or  Lengthening;  3d,  Circles, 
or  Loops;  4th,  In-hook. 

§  16.  It  should  be  well  apprehended  that  the  outhnes  of  no  words 
that  end  with  a  vowel  sound  can  be  terminated  with  an  adjunct. 


32 


Key  to  Plate  7 
Final  Circles  and  Loops 

1.  s  or  z.  Fuss,  voice,  nice,  owns,  knows  or  nose,  shoes,  lace,  this, 
says,  ways,  airs,  oars,  use. 

2.  Cause,  keys,  case,  goes,  eggs,  gas,  race,  rose,  arose,  arrows, 
accuse,  erase. 

3.  Pause,  pace  or  pays,  puss,  toys,  eats,  its,  choice,  cheese,  base, 
bees,  adds,  dies,  juice,  phase,  peas. 

4.  ss,  sz,  zz,  etc.  Phases,  voices,  hisses,  loses,  ceases  or  seizes, 
cases,  races,  recess,  rises,  basis,  possess,  doses  or  dozes. 

5.  st.  Fast,  must,  lest,  nest,  ceased,  waste,  yeast,  faced,  coast, 
rest,  wrist,  best,  just. 

6.  st'r.  Faster,  muster,  master,  Lester,  Worcester,  visitor,  castor, 
restore,  pastor,  bestir,  duster,  poster,  Chester. 

7.  Back  s  or  z.  Masters,  restores,  masts,  lists,  coasts,  rests,  posts, 
posters,  bestirs,  excesses,  recesses. 

8.  ts.  Mats,  nets,  wits,  shuts,  shouts,  lights,  arts,  rats,  ruts, 
cuts,  coats,  gets,  goods,  couldst. 

9.  ns,  sh'ns.  Fans,  fashions,  men's,  nouns,  notions,  lanes,  lotions, 
cautions,  auctions,  ruins,  buttons. 

10.  ns,  nss.  Pains,  dines,  chance,  Jones,  dunce,  dunces,  bounce, 
bounces,  dance,  dances,  canes,  rains,  runs. 

11.  nst,  nsfr.  Bounced,  chanced,  canst,  against.  Pace,  pains, 
pets,  paints,  paces,  paste,  pastes,  paster,  punster,  punsters. 

12.  nts,  ndz.  Mounts,  minds,  winds,  finds,  hunts,  lands,  lends, 
kinds,  counts,  rents,  rounds,  bounds,  bends,  attends,  dents. 

13.  sn,  sns.  Poison,  poisons,  dozen,  dozens,  cousins,  masons, 
moisten,  arson,  lesson,  lessons,  loosen,  design. 

14.  stn,  strn,  n'sn.  Boston,  Weston,  Dunstan,  postern,  western, 
cistern,  Johnson,  Benson,  Munson,  Hanson. 

15.  s'shn.  Physician,  physicians,  musicians,  cessation,  position, 
positions,  possession,  possessions,  decisions,  accession,  causation, 
accusation. 

All,  or,  own,  only,  self,  first,  yoimg,  long,  among,  thing,  next. 


lV. ^ ^ ^. >^ _J ^ i: i ^...^...3 ^ 

....=^.^.  _.  ^   ^ -"AAA r^.._, A 

^^  '^ \} W ^--i. ^  v'^ ^ L  "^ V 

^^:S0 ^     ^      /-      I ^ ^ ^ ^ "^ ^. b-- 

^  ^  (^  -^ ^ :^ ^  .^  ^ A  /  \  I 


PLATE  7 


^   ^    "^ 

^^ 

\ -5 ^ ^.. ^ -^ ^ k ^ ^. ^ A 


b - ^ •  ^ ^, t,-^ A "^ Nt>- fc ^ 4 


^  j^     T  r^  '"^    ^-  ^ 


^i- ^ .    ■  ^  "^ 's^ f^ (^ ~^...-. I^ ^ .V 

io.\ I ^' ^ J' J' \ s J' i _  ^  ^. 

"^ <^   3^.\.A N. ^ \ ^ k    \5 li L 


CJ. 


'\     ^^  ^  (^^    /s»     "~?    ~T       ^      '^      ^       V       J.       J. 

a., '- \ <& cf ' ,...t ^ > <J *:. 


tSL 


\.^\ k k ^-^ <nr^. r?..,...!^ C ^ {^ - 

^ :^._._ h. ^ :^ >, '^' :^ '^ :r^.... 

"  II  II  II         U.  *  II  „ 

\d-   V^-  ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^  4  -^  ~^^ 


IS. 

1 :: 0 „ A 

c. a:.... >^ 


34 


Key  to  Plate  8 

Put  the  roses  and  the  pansies  in  the  vases,  for  we  have  guests, 
the  Misses  Austin,  from  Kansas,  and  shall  feast  this  noon  on  roast 
goose,  beans,  raisins,  and  nuts  of  all  kinds.  If  Alice  Watson  has 
not  yet  made  a  decision,  it  will  be  too  late  to  attend  the  dance  at  the 
hall  and  hear  the  musicians  from  Boston. 

I  am  not  at  a  loss  to  know  why  Ellis  Benson  happened  to  lose  his 
position,  for  he  was  most  haughty  and  had  no  patience  with  the 
boys  who  could  not  write  the  Latin  test  lessons.  All  over  the  town 
his  actions  and  notions  met  with  opposition,  hence  he  will  go  to 
a  Western  town  where  he  has  an  option  on  a  piece  of  land,  on  which 
he  will  raise  wheat.  He  may  then  have  a  chance  to  buy  a  mine  in 
Utah. 

When  Lewis  and  Jane  went  to  the  woods  one  hot  day  last  June, 
Lewis  hurt  his  heel  on  a  piece  of  iron.  They  had  to  wait  for  a  phy- 
sician from  Ilion.  When  he  got  to  his  patient,  he  found  Lewis  in 
a  faint  and  he  could  not  restore  him  for  an  hour. 


35 


PLATE  8 


..A... 


-\ 


<^ 


■^ ^> "= ^ 

- ': ' ^ 4 


L 


"m 

I   r 


•' V' ^ ^ 

■ ^ - ' y Y\ t ^• 


r 

* i «■■■ 

1 L 


■    -     L      ^ 


^ 


^      1 C :o ^' ^■ 


"^ c \ 

1.  ^    I 


.^ / 

I 

•o 

L    "?^ 


X. 


^ 


c t (^ -^ X 


...s-5>... 


/ ^■■ 


^ 
^ 


< "^o' '^ r -- 


\. 


^ i ^ : / 


\ 


..,:^,.. 


B 


A 


r   ,      ^     %,, 


i^ -f^" 


•■^- V 

f 


..:^". 


V 


^ 


(  I 


3: 


^ 


V 


p.     "^ 


..^... 


.,^., ^ ^ !^,. 


36 


CHAPTER  V 

STENOTYPY  —  COMBINED  STEMS 

Illustrated  by  Plate  9 

§  1.  Stenottpt.  The  describing  of  shorthand  characters  and 
outlines  by  type  letters  is  called  stenotypy.  It  is  of  great  use  in 
illustrating  phonographic  textbooks  and  literature.  Capital  Roman 
letters  are  used  to  represent  stems;  small,  or  lower  case  letters, 
stand  for  adjuncts,  and  an  inverted  period  shows  where  a  vowel 
sign  should  be  written.  Obscure  vowels  are  not  generally  denoted. 
Stems  that  are  to  be  made  upward  are  denoted  by  Itahc  capitals; 
and,  the  In-hook,  the  2d  Shun-hook,  and  the  Hay-tick,  by  a  small 
Itahc  letter. 

Examples.  Fn  denotes  the  stem  F  and  the  N-hook;  Pshn,  the 
stem  P  and  the  Shun-hook;  Kt,  a  K  stem  made  half-length;  Ktn, 
the  stem  K,  halved,  with  an  In-hook;  Rs,  the  stem  Ree  and  small 
circle;  L'ss,  the  stem  L  made  upward,  with  the  large  circle,  and 
the  vowel  sign  written.    Trace  hne  1. 

§  2.  The  adjunctive  signs  enable  the  writer  to  express  a  large 
number  of  words  of  one,  two,  and  even  three  syllables,  having  many 
consonant  elements,  with  the  use  of  but  one  stem,  thereby  greatly 
shortening  their  outhnes,  and  rendering  the  execution  of  the  writing 
more  rapid,  and  its  appearance  more  beautiful  and  legible.  But 
for  the  proper  writing  of  many  words  of  even  one  syllable,  it  is 
necessary  to  WTite  two  or  more  stem  characters.  In  such  cases, 
the  stems  must  be  written,  one  directly  after  the  other  without 
raising  the  pen  or  pencil  from  the  x^aper,  and  each  stem  be  made 
as  before  directed;  namely,  the  horizontals  from  left  to  right,  and 
all  uprights  and  slopes  downward,  except  Lee  and  Shee.  These 
stems,  also,  are  occasionally  made  downward  when  combined 
with  other  stems,  according  to  rules  which  are  given  in  Section  7. 
When  struck  downward,  name  them  eL  and  iSH. 

§  3.  The  sounds  of  P,  B,  CH,  J,  K,  Gay,  and  M,  are  always 
denoted  by  stems,  as  they  have  no  adjunctive  signs. 

§  4.  When  two  straight  stems,  made  in  the  same  direction,  follow 
each  other,  one  being  light  and  the  other  heax'y,  let  them  blend  at 
the  joining  without  abruptness.    Trace  hues  2  and  3. 

§  5.  When  the  stem  Ree  is  combined  with  another  stem,  it  is 
not  necessary  that  it  should  be  inclined  so  nearly  to  the  horizontal 
as  when  \vritten  alone,  because  the  direction  of  the  hand  upward 
will  distinguish  it  from  CHay,  which  is  always  struck  downwards 
Trace  Une  4. 

§  6.  The  circles  may  be  formed  between  stems  to  express  s  or 
s's.  Between  two  straight  stems  which  run  in  the  same  direction, 
turn  the  circle  on  the  right  or  upper  side,  for  if  turned  on  the  n 
side,  the  sound  of  n  will  be  included.  If  the  straight  stems  form 
an  angle,  the  circle  must  always  be  turned  on  the  outside,  so  as  to 
keep  the  stems  from  curving;  no  sound  of  n  is  then  implied.    Line  5. 

When  the  circle  is  made  between  a  straight  stem  and  a  curve, 
the  circle  should  come  on  the  inside  of  the  curve.    Trace  line  6. 


37 

'  .        .  *    ' 

When  the  circle  is  made  between  two  curves,  write  the  circle  inside 

the  first,  unless  it  is  more  convenient  to  make  it  inside  the  second. 

Trace  line  7. 

The  small  loop  is  sometimes,  though  rarely,  made  between  stems, 
because  the  pen  is  not  allowed  to  pass  tlirough  the  stem  to  which 
the  loop  is  attached  to  be^in  ajiother  stem  from  the  opposite  side. 
-V  following  stem  is  sometnnes  struck  from  the  close  of  loop  where 
it  forms  a  right  or  acute  angle  with  the  preceding  stem  on  which  loop 
is  formed.  \Yhen  a  loop  cannot  be  made,  use  the  small  circle  and  T 
stem. 

A  stem  may  begin  from  the  point  of  a  final  hook  if,  when  rightly 
struck,  it  forms  a  good  angle  with  the  hook.    Lines  8,  9. 

§  7.  Position  of  Combined  Stems.  The  first  stem  of  a  combi- 
nation is  placed  in  position  —  that  is  above,  on,  through,  or  under 
the  Une,  as  cUrected  for  single  stems  —  according  as  the  vowel,  or 
accented  vowel,  of  the  word  represented  belongs  to  the  first,  second, 
or  third  group  or  class;  the  other  stems  following  without  regard 
to  position.  Lines  10  to  17.  When  two  upright  or  slanting  straight 
stems,  in  the  first  position,  are  struck  in  the  same  direction,  let  the 
second  stem  just  touch  the  Une.    Line  12,  first  and  fifth  words. 

§  8.  Vocalizing  Combint:d  Stems.  When  one  stem  is  combined 
with  another,  the  vowel  that  comes  between  their  sounds  may  have 
its  vowel  sign  placed  either  after  the  first  or  before  the  second  stem — 
to  whichever  the  vowel  seems  most  naturally  to  belong,  and  where 
it  will  most  clearly  express  the  desired  sound;  the  hand,  however, 
should  go  back  as  little  as  possible  to  vocahze.    Line  10. 

A  vowel  in  an  angle  will  usually  represent  the  same  sound  with 
reference  to  both  stems.  Line  11.  But  in  some  combinations  —  as 
where  the  up-stroke  is  followed  by  a  horizontal  —  it  does  not,  and  the 
vowel  must  be  placed  where  it  will  be  devoid  of  ambiguity.  Line 
11,  last  words. 

When,  in  a  very  acute  angle,  there  is  not  room  for  a  vowel  sign, 
it  may  be  written  outside  of  the  angle  at  its  extreme  point.  Line 
11,  shod. 

§  9.  Lee  and  Shee  (upward  direction)  are  used  when  either  is 
the  only  stem  in  the  word,  whether  an  adjunct  is  attached  or  not. 
-Vse  Lee  and  Shee  before  another  stem. 

These  stems,  Lee  and  Shee,  when  struck  downward  are  called 
eL  and  iSH. 

When  SH  is  followed  by  M  or  R,  or  L  by  MP,  eL  and  iSH  (down- 
ward threction)  should  be  used. 

Write  eL  in  commencing  words  that  begin  with  a  vowel,  when- 
ever the  second  stem  is  a  horizontal,  as  elk. 

Write  eL  before  NG  when  but  one  vowel  sound  intervenes,  as 
in  lung,  feeling,  etc.     Line  13. 

Use  Lee  and  Shee,  after  another  stem,  whenever  their  sounds 
are  followed  by  a  vowel.     Line  14. 

Use  eL  and  iSH  as  final  stems,  when  no  vowel  follows  their  sounds. 
Line  15. 

§  10.  A  stem  joined  to  another  stem  may  have  an  adjunctive 
sign  affixed  to  it;  it  may  also  be  halved  to  add  the  sound  of  t  or  d 
if  the  combined  stems  make  a  well  defined  angle.     But,  usually, 


448570 


38 

final  Ree  and  Lee  are  halved  for  t  only,  unless  they  are  hooked. 
Line  17. 

§  11.  Compound  Words.  The  two  parts  of  a  compound  word 
may  be  joined  in  writing;  or  if  the  outUnes  do  not  unite  well,  they 
may  be  written  near  each  other  with  two  small  dashes  between. 

Rule  3.  Words  ending  with  a  vowel  sound  should  have  the  last 
co7isonant  represented  by  a  stem. 

Note. — The  directions  given  for  the  use  of  the  upward  and  downward  forms  of 
R,  L  and  SH,  are,  more  than  any  others,  subject  to  exception  on  account  of  the 
paramount  Law  of  Form,  which  compels  all  Rules  to  be  sometimes  waived,  in  order 
to  secure  plainly  defined  or  compact  outlines.  It  was  with  the  view  of  securing 
easy  and  clear  outlines,  as  well  as  of  preventing  the  writing  from  going  too  far 
below  the  line,  that  the  upstroke  characters  were  devised. 

Key  to  Plate  9 

Combined  Stems 

1.  Fn,  Pshn,  Kt,  Ktn,  Rtn,  Knt,  R  s,  R  ns,  L  ss,  M  st,  D  ns, 
D  nstrs. 

2.  PK,  DK,  JK,  GK,  TT,  TD,  CH  J,  RR,  F  TH,  TH  TH,  LL. 

3.  WW,  N  NG,  VL,  PL,  PL,  JL,  DM,  TM,  YK,  RM,  KL. 

4.  FN,  FR,  FR,  DR,  TR,  PR,  FR,  F  CH,  MR,  M  CH. 

5.  K  sK,Rs  R,  CH  s  CH,  T  s  T,  P  s  P,  P  ns  B,  D  s  K,  CH  s  P  K, 
P  s  CH,  fl  s  T,  G  s  P. 

6.  T  s  F,  P  s  L,  P  s  L,  J  s  M,  K  s  M,  P  s  R,  T  s  L,  P  s  NG,  i2  s  M, 
N  ss  i2. 

7.  ]\f  s  L,  L  s  L,  V  s  V,  F  s  R,  M  s  V,  L  s  M,  F  s  M,  F  s  L,  F  s  L. 

8.  V  St  i?,  V  s  T  J,  D  St  N,  T  s  M  N,  Pn  NG,  F  nt  NG,  CHn  J, 
L  NG  K,  Bn  T. 

9.  GnK,  RnR,  Ru  K,  Kn  D,  SH  NG  K,  PshnL,  Fshn  L,  F  sshnL, 
K  shnL. 

10.  Page,  both,  far,  tire,  power,  chop,  beak,  fade,  shadow,  laid, 
neck,  patch. 

11.  Laugh,  catch,  mouth,  cap,  notch,  match,  shock,  like,  rock,  shod. 

12.  Pipe,  pope,  peep,  to-day,  tide,  duty,. cake,  cook,  gag,  judge. 

13.  Lane,  shows,  limb,  live,  league,  shake,  shower,  shame,  lump, 
lung,  element. 

14.  Pillow,  daily,  jolly,  mellow,  holy,  following,  Nelly,  waylay,  fishy. 

15.  Peel,  toil,  fail,  feel,  maul,  fish,  power,  door,  fire,  lower,  cower. 

16.  Merry,  hurry,  carry,  narrow,  cherry,  sherry,  tyro,  weary. 

17.  Foreign,  fellows,  berries,  Darien,  admissions,  diction,  elephant, 
mallet,  merit. 

Test  Lesson 

Paul  Terry,  Jesse  Pierce,  and  Bob  Wesley  arose  by  lamp  Ught 
yesterday,  leaving  home  early  and  coming  all  the  way  from  HolUs, 
Maine,  by  air  ship  to  see  the  Army  and  Navy  football  game  on 
Murray  Hill.  When  the  shower  came  up  they  took  refuge  behind 
a  pile  of  logs  back  of  the  old  elm.  A  big  limb  fell  on  them  but  it 
did  not  kill  any  one,  though  Jesse  was  badly  hurt  and  they  had  to 
cut  his  home-made  jacket  with  a  pair  of  shears,  which  was  really  a 
shame.  Polly  gave  liim  coolcies  and  sherry  and  kept  saying,  "Why 
shed  so  many  tears!  Pack  up  your  worries  in  your  old  kit  bag,  and 
laugh,  laugh,  laugh!" 


30 


PLATE  i) 


../« NnJ) Vi fm, rrrru 

,z._.\^ L L, 


,.4i„. 


^,. 


z ^ ^ ^ J *.. 

y \ \/C.../z U U C..^v-.T 

L^.._....i^ _.k: \^ A^ ) .^ :2 

\ VV-J- 4=> -^-"^ 

L..)^:x:... ^ A _^ ^ ^ \^ .^^...^.^ 

7 ..:^ ^._.^^.,^.._.':r^.../:::C: v^ \c Y 

L...<^.. ^. 1^ <t>^ "^ ^^w / ^^"^- '^.. 


f..,- 


A 


IZ. 


mxA ic_J2„=£ .^r, ^-^....>_r rv=- ^ 


;>''>>-?'i.;M 


./,5;. 

4.L..yrrr^... /TTsi^. .rrz::. 

^S^.... \E.. V^ 


f i>:.. 


^ 


.17yd. 


40 


CHAPTER  VI 

IRREGULAR  FINAL  ADJUNCTS  F  OR  V,  D,  THER,  ETC. 

Illustrated  by  Plate  10 

§  1.  The  adjunctive  signs  for  the  sounds  of  f  or  v,  d,  and  the 
syllables  ther,  ter,  or  der,  and  ive  are  termed  irregular  because  they 
are  not  attached  uniformly  to  all  stems,  nor  are  they  denoted  in  the 
same  manner  on  all  stems  to  which  they  are  attached. 

§  2.  F-HooK.  The  sound  of  f  or  v  is  added  to  that  of  straight 
stems  by  turning  a  small  hook  on  the  right  side  of  upright  or  sloping 
stems  and  on  the  upper  side  of  horizontals.  A  vowel  sound  always 
intervenes  between  the  stem  and  the  hook.    Lines  1  and  2. 

§  3.  The  sounds  of  ft  or  vd  are  added  to  the  sound  of  a  straight  stern 
consonant,  by  the  F-hook  and  halving.    Line  3,  first  part. 

§  4.  IvE-HOOK.  A  small  half  circle  turned  in  the  direction  of  the 
stem  TH  may  be  used  at  the  termination  of  half-sized  stems  to  ex- 
press the  added  syllable  ive.    Line  3,  last  part. 

§  5.  Ter-hook  and  Lengthening.  A  large  final  hook  on  the 
right  or  upper  side  of  straight  stems  denotes  tlie  final  syllable  ther. 
It  is  also  used  frequently  for  ter  and  occasionally  for  der.     Line  4. 

The  syllables  ther,  ter,  and  der  are  added  to  the  sounds  of  curved 
stems  by  doubling  the  length  of  the  curve. 

When  written  in  the  first  place,  the  double  length  stems  rest  on 
the  line;  for  the  second  place,  they  are  made  halfway  through  the 
line;  and  for  the  third  place,  they  extend  two-thirds  below.  This 
accords  with  the  positions  of  doubled  straight  stems.  Plate  9, 
line  12.  But  Lee  and  Shee,  which  are  struck  upward,  start  above 
the  line  for  the  first  place,  on  the  line  for  the  second,  below  the  line 
for  the  third.     Lines  5  and  6. 

§  6.  All  stems,  straight  or  curved,  may  be  lengthened  to  add 
the  syllables  ther,  ter,  or  der  when  those  syllables  are  preceded  by 
the  sound  of  the  N-  or  the  F-hook.  The  syllable  ture  may  be  ex- 
pressed in  the  same  manner  as  ter.    See  venture,  jointure.    Line  7. 

§  7.  Er  as  an  Affix.  In  order  to  preserve  the  form  of  a  root 
word,  the  added  syllable  er  is  denoted  by  the  stem  uR  added  to  the 
outline. 

Note. — When  there  are  two  or  more  ways  of  correctly  denoting  a  word  or  syllable, 
that  one  should  be  preferred  which  will  give  the  most  definite  and  suggestive 
outline.  Attention  should  also  be  paid  to  securing  any  needed  distinctioo  between 
the  outlines  of  two  or  more  words  of  the  same  part  of  speech,  written  in  the  same 
position,  which  might  conflict  in  reading  when  the  outUnes  are  unvocalized.  The 
best  judgment,  on  the.se  and  other  doubtful  points,  will  come  with  practice  and 
after  the  phonographic  principles  are  fully  mastered. 

§  8.  The  In-hook  is  used  to  denote  the  syllables  in,  en,  etc.,  after 
any  straight  stem  which  is  doubled  for  the  purpose  of  repeating  the 
sound  of  the  stem,  as  in.  bobbin. 


41 

After  double  length   curved  stems,   the  sound  of  the   In-hook 
succeeds  the  syllables  ther  or  tcr,  represented  by  the  lengthening. 
The  In-hook  can  be  added  to  an  N-,  F-,  or  Tcr-hook.    Line  8. 

§  9.  The  Past  Tense.  The  outlines  of  verbs  in  the  past  tense 
ending  in  the  sounds  of  t  or  st  terminate  according  to  the  rules  for 
the  regular  final  adjuncts  t  and  st.    Line  9. 

The  use  of  the  small  loop  is  extended  to  words  terminating  with 
the  sounds  zd,  except  for  caused  and  paused. 

When  the  outUnc  for  the  present  tense  ends  with  the  st-loop,  as 
in  boast,  the  form  for  the  past  tense  should  terminate  with  the  small 
circle  and  half  length  T.     Line  10. 

All  outlines  consisting  of  a  single  unhooked  stem  may  be  halved 
to  add  the  sound  of  t;  but  d  should  be  expressed  by  a  D  stem.    Line 

11- 

Final  ted  or  ded  is  usually  expressed  by  a  halved  T  or  D.    Line  12. 

Ed-tick.  The  syllable  ed,  designating  the  past  tense,  is  often 
denote(l  by  a  small  hnal  horizontal  or  perpendjoular  tick  which  is 
joined  to  the  present  tense  outline.  This  tick  is  added  to  form  the 
past  tense  of  word  signs  and  contractions  in  order  to  preserve  the 
form. 

The  past  tense  is  also  denoted  by  the  D  stem,  wliich  occasionally 
has  to  be  (hsjoined. 

The  stems  for  the  terminations  ted,  al,  ly,  eth,  ness,  etc.,  must 
also  in  some  cases  be  disconnected  from  the  preceding  form  so  as 
to  give  a  clear  outline.    Line  13. 

When  the  outline  of  a  word  consists  of  ynore  than  one  stem,  the 
last  may  be  halved  for  either  t  or  d,  whether  it  has  or  has  not  a  final 
hook.  Lee  and  Ree,  if  without  a  final  hook,  are  best  halved  for  t 
only,  as  are  also  stems  having  a  large  final  hook.    Line  14. 

AH  directions  for  the  halving  of  a  stem  in  combination  are  hmited 
by  the  necessary  rule,  that  a  combined  stem  cannot  be  halved  unless 
its  point  of  junction  with  the  preceding  or  following  stem  is  perceptible. 
When  the  stems  blend,  forming  no  angle,  t  or  d  must  be  represented 
by  adding  the  full  stem  T  or  D. 

Use  Ree  instead  of  uR  after  K  or  G  when  r  is  to  be  followed  by 
T  or  D,  as  in  coivard.    See  note,  page  40. 

Use  the  Ed-tick  only  for  the  past  tense.    Line  15,  last  words. 

§  10.  When  est  is  a  distinct  added  syllable,  it  is  best  expressed 
after  a  hook,  and  when  the  form  of  the  primitive  outUne  will  allow, 
by  the  stem  S  half-size  attached.  After  a  full  length  stem  without 
a  final  hook,  the  st-loop  may  be  used  and  also  in  cases  where  St 
does  not  make  a  good  joining,  as  after  K  and  L.  St  may  be  struck 
up  or  down.  Line  15. 

§  11.  The  outhnes  of  words  ending  in  sit  or  sist  are  best  terminated 
with  the  circle,  small  or  large,  and  the  stem  T. 

Final  t,  preceded  by  a  vowel,  forming  with  it  a  syllable,  as  ale, 
ite,  etc.,  must  sometimes  be  written  T  stem. 

Use  the  stem  when  final  t  is  preceded  by  two  distinct  vowels,  as 
in  poet.    Line  17. 


42 

The  termination  of  an  outline  with  the  i>iem  T  denotes  a  following 
vowel  sound,  except  in  the  cases  mentioned  above  and  those  covered 
by  the  rule  in  Sec.  10. 

Rule  4.  Use  the  proper  adjunct  to  express  n,  n,  shn,  t,  nt,  s 
or  z,  f  or  V,  ther,  and  ive,  when  they  are  the  final  sounds  or  syllables 
in  a  word. 


Plate  10 
Irregular  Final  Adjuncts,  f,  or  v,  etc. 

1.  f.    Puff,  tough,  chaff,  chief,  beef,  deaf,  buff,  cuff,  rough,  reefs, 
puffs,  coughs. 

2.  V.    Pave,  dive,  give,  arrive,  dove,  doves,  paves,  dives,  achieve, 
arrives,  caves,  calves. 

3.  ft,  vd,  ive.     Puffed,  coughed,  gifts,  raft,  rift;    roved,  arrived, 
achieved;   active,  motive,  native,  tentative. 

4.  ther,   ter.     Bother,   gather,   rather,   patter,    tutor,   daughter, 
chatter,  better,  gaiters,  bitters,  daughters,  writers. 

5.  Feather,  father,  weather,  whether,  Arthur,  later,  latter,  shatter, 
shutters,  shooters,  oj^sters,  Easter,  voters. 

6.  Mothers,  matters,  heaters,  nitre,  theatre,  fighter,  fatter,  neither. 

7.  Ponder,  canter,  thunder,  tender,  renders,  rafters,  venture,  join- 
ture, painter,  fainter,  kinder,  pointer. 

8.  Pippin,  baboon,    bobbin,    deaden,  cocoon,  jejune;  Lutheran, 
veteran,  mandarin,  nectarine. 

9.  t,  St.    Cut,  wrote,  shut,  bought,  made,  got,  past,  best,  amassed, 
guessed,  laced. 

10.  zd.      Raised,    amazed,    refused,    aroused,    caused,    paused; 
boasted,  rested,  fasted,  jested. 

11.  d.     Bed,  laid,  tied,  road;  fed,  died,  bowed,  allied,  showed, 
listened,  moistened. 

12.  ted,  ded.    Voted,  noted,  patted,  acted,  rented,  jointed,  shout- 
ed, counted,  mended,  fattened. 

13.  Feathered,  shattered,  widened,  rendered,  gathered,  fashioned, 
ventured,  weathered,  imitated,  patiently. 

14.  Jog,    jogged,    feel,    felt,    toiled,    bold,    killed,    repined,    load, 
loaded,  hurried,  followed. 

15.  Liked,  looked,  vacate,  cooked,  catacombs,  coward,  fired. 

16.  Elocutionist,    faintest,    tightest,    kindest,    roughest,    laziest, 
mightiest,  holiest,  fattest,  latest. 

17.  Faucet,  visit,  gusset,  possessed,  resist,  exhaust,  passionate, 
diet,  poet,  bayonet,  denote. 


43 
PLATE  10 

i..u\ b ^'. ^ V ^  ^ -- ^v "^ 

^... ^ ^ .^ '..A I t ^ ^. ^ A.-..^ 


^        -   ,.^ ^.. 


l-ft..vd,  ivei. ^. ., 

^-.ther,  ter...^ ""^ ^^ ^ [,  J^    .^'.  V^  _p     v^ 

->    .  — " .  Ck ■^• 

^     ^-  /:. ^  zS 


ri  J- 


w ^ ^ ^ 


.\^1 --/^^ w 


<j.-,t,  st.i.  .. ^ x* -4 .1. ,^..,. ^ ^?» ' .— -= /'^ 

la-zd. ^ ^ y^^, A    ~^     ^; N^    ^     ^ / 

ijr<i..^ £1 1    ^ V^    I    "^    ^    -A ^ C^... 

IZr  ted,  dedi.    Vr  v_^ J ^1. r J" '"' ,<^.....Ja. 

^ ^-^- ^-^ -^  ^L-^ ^. ^ 

».  ^ 1^ >  ^  I >- ^  a  ^^^  ^ 


rn 


_^ 


%, I .!! .y^i=, Ck 


'^.  i^f- -rf  i  >.^-..--"iC'. ->> ^  A-| L|. 


■^ ^ 


44 


THE  PIED  PIPER 


A  long  time  ago,  the  little  town  of  Hamelin  was  overrun  with 
rats.  They  bit  the  babies  in  the  houses  and  ate  the  bacon  in  the 
kitchens  and  took  the  cheeses  from  the  wooden  dishes.  They  also 
worried  the  cats  and  fought  the  dogs.  At  last  the  good  folk  went 
to  the  town  hall  to  say  to  the  Mayor  that  if  he  knew  of  no  way  to 
get  rid  of  these  pests  he  could  not  retain  his  office. 

Just  then  a  tall  fellow  came  to  the  door.  He  had  felt  shoes  on  his 
feet  and  around  his  neck  was  a  red  ribbon,  at  one  end  of  which  hung 
a  huge  pipe.  He  walked  up  to  the  Mayor,  saying,  "I  am  the  Pied 
Piper.  If  you  will  give  me  a  bag  of  money  I  will  use  my  magic  power 
to  rid  your  town  of  rats." 

The  Mayor  was  most  willing  to  pay  what  he  asked,  so  the  follow- 
ing day  the  Piper,  with  his  magic  pipe,  made  merry  music  all  over 
the  toN\Ti,  and  at  once  the  rats  came  leaping  out  of  the  houses.  Big 
rats,  little  rats,  yellow  and  white,  old  and  young,  followed  the  Piper 
to  a  river  in  the  valley,  where  all  jumped  madly  in  and  were  carried 
by  the  current  to  the  ocean. 

The  townsfolk  were  rejoiced,  feeling  they  could  now  live  in  peace, 
and  out  of  sheer  joy  they  were  ready  to  shower  all  they  had  upon 
the  Piper,  who  hurried  to  the  Mayor  for  his  money.  "You  ask  too 
much;  here  are  ten  pieces." 

At  that  the  Piper  left  the  Mayor's  office  in  a  rage,  and  when  the 
women  were  busy  he  walked  down  the  main  road  piping  a  lovely 
melody.  This  time  all  the  boys  ran  merrily  with  the  Piper  until 
they  came  to  the  foot  of  a  mountain.  With  a  push  from  the  Piper 
a  door  opened  and  all  went  in,  and  none  of  them  ever  came  back 
to  Hamelin  town. 


45 


*■ _....x.. 


\ 


PLATE   11 
The  Pied  Piper 

J"   '    ^ 

T '■■ 

^ ^ : i„ 


..^, \Z.. 


c     L     1    r 


i O.. :^n 


"7 


r  r 


I ^' L   -T^ ^ ' t-^ ' '-' ^ I -■ 

A ) ~^ ^ -^-'o'^'    ''   ^   • ^" ^ 

■- I   "V ' "rJ ' ' ^-. ---^^ 

--^  ^'  '  ^  --1  '  /   -^ ■  -/  ^ ' 

:^  \  L  ^,  )^, : ^?i\.  ,  r  _ 


A 


-^ r  c 

j^  '  ^^         ^  ^ 

1 :^ )^.-.^i .~^. ( 

_/^.^ •: x I :. 1 zs , ^ 


-7- 


r-^- 
.:i\ 


L  V 


N 


-   A_ 
r', r';  ^  '  ^  n   1  r,  ^ 

•^ ^  ^  k  oc    -  -^-^ 


^ t 


-<.»•* ■>. - 1 - t V ^  ■ 


^ ' i ' < -^^^■^^4 


46 


THE  FIRE  HORSES 


Peter  and  Jeff  were  two  fire  horses.  They  could  run  the  fastest 
of  any  in  the  fire-house,  and  all  the  men  liked  them.  On  Easter  Day, 
when  they  were  coming  home  over  the  roughest  kind  of  road,  Peter 
fell,  cutting  one  of  his  legs.  Captain  Bennet  rubbed  it  first  with 
hot  water,  then  with  cotton  dipped  in  an  oil  to  deaden  the  pain, 
and,  after  a  few  puffs  at  his  pipe,  shook  his  head,  saying  it  would  be 
a  long  time  before  they  could  venture  to  take  him  out  again. 

As  the  once  active  horse  pondered  over  his  fate,  he  was  disposed  to 
feel  bitter  about  it.  One  night  the  next  week,  a  little  after  midnight, 
the  fire  bell  rang,  and  Harry,  the  new  horse  who  had  lately  arrived, 
and  Jeff,  were  hitched  together,  and  off  they  cantered,  leaving 
Peter  alone.  A  thought  he  could  not  resist  would  come  to  Peter's 
mind  and  it  possessed  him.  His  lame  leg  ceased  to  bother  him; 
he  jumped  up  and  down,  then  paused  and  listened  to  the  noise  of 
the  hoofs  in  the  distance,  which  came  fainter  and  fainter  to  his  ears. 
Then  he  kicked  at  the  door  until  he  was  almost  exhausted,  when  it 
burst  open  and  off  he  ran  faster  than  he  had  ever  gone  before. 

How  worried  Jeff  must  be  to  be  so  delayed!  Whether  Peter 
thought  of  this  I  cannot  say;  he  only  turned  down  past  the  tall 
elm  in  time  to  see  Harry  fall,  which  caused  much  excitement  among 
the  firemen  who  gathered  around  him.  The  Captain  wondered 
whether  thej^  could  get  to  the  disaster,  when  his  eyes  rested  on 
Peter  as  he  hurried  on. 

The  Chief  gave  a  loud  hurrah.  "Peter,  our  veteran,  has  come  to 
help  us  and  he  does  not  limp  at  all.  We  shall  yet  visit  the  fire. 
We  should  have  failed  but  for  our  hero." 


47 


PLATE  12 


.: ( I A_\ 


"^ 


■i 


-j-v - 


V 


.~^, 


^ 


tk 


-( 


L 


T- ^ : 1- ^ 

.•-..t -^ :....2.--:x„ .„... 


^ _ Jl ^ 

>   -<.    ^-  „ 

The  Fire  Horses 

__;^v-^-*-~V^-^-- -^ .-^^ ' 

__^i^^._l_ d...t :^_„pJ :^ 

— -^X.  -<frv=_3..l_.^ , -xjt)-,.-^-^ 

3...°— /ii°x. — r^-_\^ — <^. — I <!'-,-.(- 2, 

i- (--.-3_,.^--„-^-.-^.i-4-. \, .:--;k_^---: 

\..A^^^r=^_^A,.^X^ ,,_ V 


^=^ ^ -.i-.=-..,W 

.1. -}(   "  ''^ 


> 


-V- 


A^ 


j,    ^   ^- 


\ _^^ 

■''- T"^: 

■■■■'^' r 


48 


PLATE   13 


(/I...      "^^ 


> 


-\ 


I, ::i ^ k=. i-"Sr, (• 

'   ^ -^.'^ =. A 


\,. 


"^ > A ^ ■ I ^ "r ' <^ 


I I 

■i 


- ^^ i: y — -S S f v^ 

1 1:  L ^ ^ rf., 2^ 

\ : :0_ ^,: ^„ C^ I L - 

\.. :: :>^ / .^ I ^>,^ )- \^. ^.. 

w-^ ^ c. -^^ =■ >' J ^ U^ ^ 

-r-~f~ ^ .- ^ t Y ^ y^ / ^" 


■:^- 


_i> 


1^ 


_,i 


'•-^ 


x^ 


-^^ - ^ -" 


^^ : ^ od 

J 


^fL. 


\ ....l_.„ ^ 

s«--"^— J- 


4d 

OPEN  DIPHTHONG  SIGNS 

Formed  from  the  Six-Vowel  Scale 
A  Table  for  Reference 

The  four  close  diphthongs,  i,  oi,  ow,  ew,  united  with  a  consonant, 
form  one  syllable;  as  l>y,  boy,  now,  few.  But  there  are  many  other 
double  vowels  which  separate  in  pronunciation,  forming  separate 
syllables,  and  which  are  therefore  termed  open  diphthongs. 

The  signs  for  open  diphthongs  are  tormed  by  prefixing  or  suffixing 
to  the  dash-vowel  sign  for  the  accented  vowel  (each  of  which  has  its 
own  direction)  a  light  tick  for  the  unaccented  one. 

Since  a  tick  cannot  be  attached  to  a  dot-sign,  the  signs  of  the  dot 
series  of  vowels  are  elongated  into  ticks  in  the  direction  of  the  stem 
P,  for  the  accented  vowel  of  diphthong  (position  of  the  diphthong 
indicating  quality  of  vowel),  the  rising  or  backward-struck  tick 
therefrom  indicating  the  unaccented  vowel.  The  most  usual  second- 
ary or  inferior  vowel  is  i,  as  in  it;  but  the  added  tick,  may  denote 
any  other  short  vowel  when  i  does  not  give  the  double  vowel  in  the 
word,  as  in  Noah,  where  o  is  the  accented  vowel  denoted  by  the  dash, 
and  ah  is  expressed  by  the  tick  attached,  the  sign  being  the  same 
as  that  in  doughy. 

COMBINATION  OF  A  LONG  AND  SHORT  VOWEL 

i/|  I  I  "I 

hnrrahing    chaos  being  sawing  doughy  doing 


1  I  aI  i  < 

logo  mediate  hygiene         carryaU  iolio 

COMBINATION  OF  TWO  SHORT  VOWELS 


/  (close)       hygeist  i-i  oil  (close)  u-i        Bedouins 


maniac        oriental      marrying  idtot  iurious  virtue 

(close) 

A  tick  may  be  attached  to  either  of  the  close  diphthong  signs  to 
denote  a  preceding  or  following  vowel,  thus: 


II  I  I  I  ^1 

genii  Honeoye  diary  buoyant         trowel  dewy 


PART  II 


52 


CHAPTER  VII 

INITIAL  ADJUNCTS  —  CIRCLES  AND  LOOPS;    IN-HOOK;    DOTS  FOR    ING 

AND  CON 

Illustrated  by  Plate  14 

§  1.  The  small  and  large  circle  and  small  loop  are  used  at  the 
beginning  of  stems  in  the  same  manner  as  at  the  end,  but  with 
limited  powers,  the  small  circle  representing  s,  and  the  small  loop 
st  only.  The  large  loop  for  str  is  not  used  at  the  beginning  of  outlines. 
Both  circles  and  loop  are  made  on  the  same  side  of  the  stems  as  when 
they  are  used  for  final  adjuncts;  namely,  on  the  right  or  upper  side 
of  straight  stems  and  inside  of  curves. 

In  reading,  sound  the  circle  or  loop  first,  and  then  the  other  char- 
acter according  to  previous  directions,  remembering  that  the  vowel 
always  sounds  immediately  before  or  after  the  stem;  that  a  final  hook 
sounds  before  the  halving  or  lengthening  power,  unless  it  be  the 
In-hook,  which  is  especially  designed  to  follow  the  power  of  any 
adjunct;  and  that  a  final  circle  or  loop  sounds  after  both  a  final 
hook  and  the  halving  or  lengthening  power. 

§  2.  The  initial  small  circle  is  used  to  begin  the  outlines  of  words 
that  commence  with  the  sound  of  s.    Lines  1,  2,  3. 

The  stem  S,  and  not  the  circle,  is  used  to  begin  the  outUne : 

(a)  Whenever  s  is  the  only  consonant  in  the  word,  as  see,  say; 

(b)  When  a  word  beginning  with  the  sound  of  s  is  followed  by 
a  vowel  and  final  s,  or  by  the  syllables  er,  ing,  'n  or  shun,  as  cease, 
sewer,  sewing,  scion,  session; 

(c)  When  initial  s  is  succeeded  by  two  distinct  vowels,  as  in 
suicide; 

(d)  Whenever  the  word  commences  with  a  vowel  before  s,  as 
ask,  estate. 

Words  composed  of  s  and  n,  as  sun,  sign,  soon,  are  written  sN. 
When  z  is  the  first  consonant  sound,  begin  with  the  stem  Z.  Line  4. 

§  3.  Initial  Large  Circle.  When  a  word  begins  with  the  syl- 
lables s's  or  s'z  followed  by  one  or  more  consonants,  begin  the 
outhne  with  a  large  circle;  the  sign  for  a  strong  or  accented  vowel 
may  be  placed  within  the  circle.     Line  5. 

§  4.  Initial  Small  Loop.  The  outlines  of  words  containing 
three  or  more  consonant  sounds,  the  first  two  being  st  immediately 
followed  by  a  vowel,  begin  with  the  small  loop  attached  to  the 
stem  representing  the  third  consonant.    Lines  6  and  7. 

When,  however,  the  third  consonant  of  a  primitive  word  com- 
mencing with  st  is  n  or  f  not  followed  by  a  vowel,  begin  the  outline 
with  sT  and  represent  the  final  n  or  f  by  a  book.    Line  8,  first  part. 


53 

§  5.  The  combination  str  beginning  a  word,  is  denoted  by  turning 
the  circle  on  the  left  side  of  T;  the  vowel  sign  then  sounds  after 
the  r  and  not  directly  after  the  stem.    Line  8,  last  part. 

§  6.  The  simple  sound  of  r  immediately  succeeding  the  sound  of 
any  slraiyfil  stem  preceded  by  s  as  in  sPray  is  rejjresented  by  turning 
the  circle  on  the  left  or  under  side  of  the  stem,  the  vowel  sound 
following  the  r.    Line  9. 

§  7.  The  syllable  er  is  added  to  any  word  whose  outline  begins 
with  a  circle  or  loop  on  a  straight  stem,  by  turning  it  on  the  left  or 
under  side  of  the  stem.  In  tliis  case  a  distinct  vowel  will  always 
precede  the  stem.    Line  9,  last  part. 

§  8.  Initial  In-hook.  This  hook  consists  of  the  upper  or  lower 
half  of  a  small  circle  and  is  used  in  beginning  the  outlines  of  most 
words  that  commence  with  in,  en,  an,  on,  or  un,  as  a  separate  syllable; 
also  when  the  syllable  contains  a  long  vowel  combined  with  n,  as  in 
only. 

If  a  single  stem,  except  Lee  and  Ree,  is  preceded  by  the  circle 
or  In-hook,  the  past  tense  is  often  denoted  by  halving.  Lines  10 
and  11. 

§  9.  The  In-hook  may  precede  the  circles  or  small  loop,  beginning 
on  the  opposite  side  from  the  circle  or  loop.    Line  12. 

§  10.  A  small  upright  tick  prefixed  to  the  stem  N  denotes  that  a 
vowel  precedes  that  stem.  The  stem  N,  with  a  vowel  tick,  is  used 
instead  of  the  In-hook  when  it  shortens  or  improves  the  outline; 
it  is  also  used  to  make  a  distinction  in  the  form  of  two  words. 

The  vowel  tick  takes  the  place  of  the  regular  vowel  sign. 

The  stem  N  is  used  instead  of  the  hook,  mostly,  when  several  t 
or  d  sounds  follow  n,  one  of  which  can  be  expressed  by  halving  the 
stem  N.     Line  13. 

§  11.  The  stem  N  doubled  in  length  and  preceded  by  the  initial 
vowel  tick  is  used  to  begin  the  forms  of  words  that  commence  with 
inter,  enter,  intro,  or  under;  the  special  prefix  being  determined 
after  the  latter  part  of  the  word  is  deciphered. 

When  the  outline  of  a  word  begins  with  double  length  N,  the 
first  stem  that  follows  this  prefix  takes  the  position  indicated  by  the 
accented  vowel. 

§  12.  Dots  for  Ing  and  Con.  The  termination  ing  is  expressed 
by  the  stem  NG,  and  ings  by  NGs,  after  full-length  stems  and 
whenever  a  clear  outline  results. 

But  when  a  half-length  stem  does  not  form  an  angle  with  NG, 
or  a  hook  would  be  obscured  by  its  attachment,  ing  should  be 
expressed  by  a  dot  at  the  extreme  final  point  of  the  outline,  and  ings 
by  a  small  circle.  To  avoid  raising  the  hand  to  make  the  dot,  NG 
may  be  made  after  a  circle  turned  on  the  n-side  of  a  straight  stem. 

After  a  word-sign  use  the  ing  dot. 

The  prefixes  com,  con  or  cog,  are  denoted  by  a  dot  at  the  extreme 
initial  point  of  the  outline.  Where  the  m  is  doubled,  as  in  commis- 
sion, the  second  m  is  often  expressed  in  the  outline. 


54 

Plate  14 
Initial  Circles  and  Loops,  etc. 

1.  Soap,  spy,  Spain,  seat,  city,  said,  site,  such,  sage,  scoff,  sky, 
sorrow,  sore. 

2.  Same,  soon,  sunny,  sinister,  sway,  sour,  song,  slay  or  sleigh, 
sully,  seven,  slender. 

3.  Snatch,  slight,  slide,  smoked,  spied,  sailed,  sold,  spice  or  spies, 
spicy,  surrender. 

4.  Sew,  says,  sewing,  sower,  sizing,  assigns,  scions,  science, 
saucy.  Czar,  zero. 

5.  Schism,  society,  suspender,  suspicion,  Caesar,  Cicero,  sustain, 
sustained,  sustenance,  sausage,  suspense. 

6.  Step,  stop,  stood,  stitch,  stake,  stem,  still,  store,  story,  star, 
starry,  steer,  sting. 

7.  Stepped,  stitched,  staked,  start  or  starred,  started,  stored, 
storied,  storm,  stormed,  stamp,  stamped,  stony. 

8.  Stain,  stained,  stand,  standard,  stint,  stove.  Stray,  straight, 
stroke,  stretch,  strive,  striven,  stripped,  street,  straighten. 

9.  Sprain,  sprout,  scratch,  scream,  scrawl,  scrape.  Sober,  stupor, 
suitor,  cider,  sister,  succor. 

10.  Into,  unto,  indeed,  Indian,  indicate,  indicted,  endowed,  infer, 
unveil,  unkind,  inhuman,  engine. 

11.  Inlet,  inlaid,  only,  infatuate,  enough,  unbound,  inwrought, 
inroad,  unload,  unloaded,  enjoyed. 

12.  Answer,  answered,  inserted,  inscribed,  instruction,  unsyste- 
matic, instead,  unseemly,  institution,  insufficient. 

13.  Honest,  honesty,  instant,  incident,  instance,  antidote,  intent 
or  intend,  intention,  ancient,  incision. 

14.  Interfere,  entertain,  interrupt,  undertake,  understand,  under- 
stood, introduce. 

15.  Being,  paying,  petting,  dying,  dotting,  roving,  inserting, 
dancing,  dozing,  extensive. 

16.  Chancing,  writings,  meetings,  beatings,  weddings.  Compare, 
compose,  composite;  content  or  contend,  condition,  conviction, 
confession. 

17.  Consolation,  consult,  consummation,  consumption;  cogno- 
men;   commit,  compensation,  commission,  commands,  comments. 


55 


PLATE    11 


^ "^ i ^f f :f  7  /■   I "^    ^ -^.^.'^ 

,  ^  ,    ^    =^-  :2^, '-'. £ c  L. C 

..^.^.i^ ^ ^ '^ a :^.^ ^ \^^ 

)- >  b ^ ^- I Lie. 2 i^ )^ 


T 


ar^ 


^-^-.P  / 


■^ ^..^ ^ £ ^ ^ ^  ^ 


.r 


-^  ^ 'D <" 


^• 


.  \     ^;^ :°^ -. ^ 

'   .^ 


^ -^ ^: ^ , &^ ^^- l; Li^ ^  ^^ 


^ 


:n 


T 


-1. ^- , I t ^  I s > ^ ^ ^ 

..^ z^..^ 'r \ V :^ ^-  y^   n ^ ': 

^--..^ ^ ^ h. t^ i  ^ d- 


^7 


1^... - 1 o \- - t"^- 


/^... 


ih ir<... 


':r^' -^ 

U    r 


702- 


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<'l ^ _.t: (O, 

.    V ^- "S -^ ^ ' J ^ "^ 

Li- b 'C. £1^ fT^-Sl  j :.->-<::rr:i>..| 


k.. 


56 


THE  HONEST  PEASANT 


In  a  lonely  section  of  Sweden  lived  a  woodcutter  named  Simeon, 
and  his  son,  Simon.  Few  ever  came  that  way;  but  one  day  a  stern 
business  man  chanced  to  pass  on  his  way  to  the  sea,  where  he  in- 
tended to  board  a  steamer  for  Sicily.  A  sudden  storm  came  up 
as  he  arrived  at  the  hut,  and  the  woodcutter  insisted  that  he  should 
spend  the  night  with  them.  As  he  started  off  the  next  day,  he 
wanted  to  pay  for  his  night's  lodging,  but  was  steadily  refused. 
"We  are  delighted  to  give  what  we  can,"  said  the  woodcutter.  The 
man  went  away  happy  to  have  found  these  kind-hearted  woodsmen. 
But  at  the  end  of  the  day  when  he  felt  for  his  purse,  it  was  gone. 
"Alas,"  said  he,  "I  fear  my  good  woodcutter  has  stolen  my  pos- 
sessions." Some  months  later  he  was  for  the  second  time  in  the 
same  country  and  stopped  at  the  same  hut,  but  neither  of  the  woods- 
men noticed  who  the  man  was  until  he  spoke  of  the  purse  which  he 
had  lost.  "Well,"  said  the  father,  "come  with  me  and  I  will  show 
you  your  purse.  My  son  found  it  about  sixty  rods  from  the  house 
and  buried  it  in  a  hole,  where  it  still  lies  untouched."  The  man  was 
indeed  sorry  he  ever  suspected  these  honest  woodsmen.  "Another 
time,"  thought  he,  "I  shall  suspend  judgment  indefinitely." 


TEST  EXERCISE 

Such  a  sight  was  the  town  that  day.  Along  the  sunny  meadows 
stretched  solid  rows  of  stone  seats  on  which  sat  the  spectators, 
silently  waiting  for  the  sage  Sheriff  and  his  stately  dame  to  arrive 
and  the  entertainment  to  begin.  At  one  side  stood  a  tent  of  striped 
canvas,  and  a  stake  from  which  hung  silk  and  satin  streamers. 
Beside  this  was  a  shining  target.  The  six  stout  shooters,  whose 
ancestors  were  famous  shots,  were  arriving;  a  knight  soon  came, 
then  two  yeomen,  and  last  of  all  a  strange  man  with  stained  skin 
and  attired  in  a  tattered  scarlet  suit.  This  caused  a  sudden  stir 
and  sensation,  and  some  commotion,  which  was  intensified  when  they 
saw  a  slight  patch  over  the  man's  left  eye. 

The  Sheriff  instructed  liis  man-at-arms  to  scan  the  ten  shooters. 
"Seest  thou  Robin  Hood  among  them?"  "Nay,  Sire,"  he  answered. 
"Then,"  interrupted  the  Sheriff,  "he  is  a  coward  as  well  as  a 
knave."  Not  a  sound  could  one  hear  as  each  in  turn  took  his  stand 
and  w'ith  slow,  steady  and  sufficient  aim  let  go  his  arrow.  "A  man 
can  but  strive  to  do  his  best,"  said  Saul,  as  he  chose  from  his  sack 
a  smooth  arrow,  inserting  it  deftly.  Away  it  w^ent  about  an  inclT 
from  the  center.  It  was  a  bold  stroke, — only  two  struck  the  same 
ring.  Then  the  one  with  the  sober,  serious,  scratched  face  stepped 
from  among  his  antagonists.  He  loosened  his  string  and  away  went 
the  arrow  straight  to  the  center,  making  an  incision  in  the  target. 


PLATE    15 
The  Honest  Peasant 


,>s- L * :^: ^ ^ I: : °^^ 


V3 

•^ • 


I. , \ ! ^ 


\.       ). ^ ^ — 1 (■■ 


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^ ,  I    ^. , C2.. :^ HY \ I S. ^ 

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58 


Key  to  Plate  16 

Sarah  says  Cissy  Siddons  seems  satisfied  now  that  she  knows 
her  oldest  sister  is  alive  and  happy.  Salome  stayed  on  the  stone 
steps  last  night  until  the  stars  shone  in  the  sky.  Suppose  we  step 
into  Starin's  store  and  ask  to  see  Samuel  Stevens.  Cyrus  Stetson 
said  on  Wednesday  that  he  still  held  a  position  with  the  Starin  firm. 
Susan  Astor  has  a  sore  thumb.  The  hurt  was  caused  by  the  sting 
of  a  wasp.  Stella  is  a  good  sewer,  but  she  accidentally  struck  her 
hand  on  a  strip  of  wood  and  sprained  it,  so  that  her  sewing  is  poor 
now.  Susanna  and  Susanne  say  they  intend  to  stitch  on  Sylvester's 
satin  cuffs  to-day.  Ezra  and  Zechariah  are  stamping  designs.  I 
commend  you  for  making  no  comment  on  the  mishap. 

Six  sudden  storms  this  season  have  come  in  rapid  succession 
and  the  cedars  and  spruces  surrounding  our  snug  hut  in  the  center 
of  the  forest  are  kept  white  with  the  soft  snow.  Unless  all  signs 
fail,  spring,  with  its  swollen  streams  and  spicy  smells,  will  be  delayed. 
Silas  enjoys  sliding,  skating,  and  hunting,  but  likes  swimming, 
fishing,  and  saihng  in  his  slender  skiff  still  better. 


59 


PLATE   16 

1 


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60 


CHAPTER  VIII 

INITIAL  ADJUNCTS 

hooks:  r,  1,  w,  and  y 

Illustrated  by  Plate  17 

§  1.  The  initial  adjuncts  consist  of  the  aspirate  tick,  the  initial 
circles  and  small  loop,  the  initial  In-hook  described  in  Chapter  VIII, 
the  initial  hooks  for  r,  1,  w,  and  y,  and  of  the  initial  tick,  used  instead 
of  a  separate  vowel  sign  to  indicate  that  the  word  begins  with  a 
.vowel. 

§  2.  The  consonants  r,  1,  w,  and  y  form  in  many  cases  so  close  a 
union  with  a  preceding  consonant  that  the  two  are  uttered  with  a 
single  impulse  of  the  voice;  thus,  the  sound  of  r  unites  with  that 
of  a  preceding  p,  b,  t,  d,  k,  g,  f,  th,  or  sh,  as  in  pray,  6row,  try,  drsiw, 
crow,  grow,  fry,  three,  shrew. 

§  3.  R-HOOK.  The  sound  of  r  is  denoted  by  a  small  hook,  which 
is  made  on  the  left  side  of  the  initial  end  of  the  upright  and  sloping 
straight  stems,  on  the  under  side  of  the  straight  horizontals,  and  on 
the  inner  side  of  all  curved  stems.  The  R-hook  corresponds  exactly 
with  the  final  hook  for  n,  it  being  formed  on  the  same  side  of  the 
stems,  being  common  to  all,  and  of  uniform  size.    Lines  1  and  2. 

§  4.  The  sound  of  1  unites  in  the  same  manner  as  r  with  a  pre- 
ceding p,  b,  k,  g,  or  f,  as  in  play,  blow,  clay,  glow,  fly. 

§  5.  L-HOOK.  The  1  sound  is  then  represented  on  straight  stems 
by  a  small  hook  on  the  circle  side  of  the  initial  end  of  the  stem,  and 
on  curves  by  a  large  hook  on  the  inner  side;  the  increased  size  con- 
stituting the  difference  between  the  L-  and  R-hook  on  curves.  Lines 
3  and  4. 

In  reading  Plate  17,  observe  that  though  the  hooks  are  formed 
before  the  stems  are  made,  they  sound  after  them ;  and  that  a  vowel 
sign  placed  to  the  right  of  a  stem  sounds  after  the  initial  hook.  Also 
that  a  vowel  may  precede  the  sound  of  a  stem  having  an  initial  hook 
and  following  vowel,  as  in  a-Gr-ee,  a-Bl-y,  in  which  case  a  word 
of  two  syllables  will  be  formed.  In  each  of  these  two  classes  of  words 
the  hook  becomes  a  substitute  for  the  stem  Ree  or  Lee,  which  would 
have  to  be  written  if  the  hook  were  not  made. 

Before  proceeding  further  it  will  be  advisable  for  the  student  to 
turn  to  the  Alphabet,  page  13,  and  copy  each  stem  several  times, 
with  the  R-hook  attached,  forming  the  hook  first,  and  sounding 
aloud  the  combination  thus:  pr,  br,  tr,  dr,  etc.  The  stem  NG  must 
be  sounded  with  a  vowel  before  it,  thus:  iNGr.  Then  write  each 
stem  with  the  L-hook  formed  on  it  first,  and  speak  plainly  the 
combined  sounds  pi,  hi,  tl,  dl,  to  as  far  as  iNGi.  The  stem  Hay 
seldom  takes  the  L-hook. 


61 

§  G.  The  R-  and  L-hooks  are  used  also  when  a  vowel  precedes 
the  sound  of  the  st(!m,  without  a  vowel  following  the  sound  of  r 
or  1;  as  in  upper,  apple.  In  these  cases  the  r  and  1  form  separate 
syllables  of  themselves;  the  vowel  between  the  stem  and  hook 
being  so  slight  as  to  reciuire  no  sign.  In  this  class  of  words  the  hooks 
are  substitutes  for  the  downward  stems,  R  and  L.    Lines  5  and  6. 

§  7.  The  R-  and  L-hooks  may  be  jircfixed  to  a  stem  which  succeeds 
another  stem,  as  substitutes  for  R  antl  L,  or  Ree  and  Lee,  whenever 
they  can  be  made  plainly,  and  without  the  hand  being  obliged  to 
take  too  sudden  a  turn  in  order  to  form  them. 

He  careful  to  form  an  initial  hook  on  a  second  stem  so  that  it 
cannot  be  mistaken  for  a  final  hook  on  the  first.  Often  the  hand 
must  go  back  a  Uttle  on  the  first  stem  to  form  the  hook.  Lines  7 
and  8. 

§  8.  Way  and  Yay-hooks.  These  are  large  initial  hooks,  attached 
to  straight  stems  when  the  sound  of  w  or  y  immediately  follows  that 
of  the  stem  to  which  the  hook  is  attached.  The  Way-hook  corre- 
sponds to  the  R-,  and  the  Yay-  to  the  L-hook.    Line  9. 

The  Yay-hook  always  includes  the  vowel  oo.  It  is  employed 
as  a  substitute  for  the  vowel  eu  when  its  use  gives  definiteness  to 
the  outhne.     Line  10. 

§  9.  A  small  circle  can  be  turned  within  any  of  the  initial  hooks. 

When  an  initial  circle  is  connected  with  the  R-hook  on  a  straight 
stem  it  is  sufficient  to  turn  it  on  the  left  or  under  side  without 
forming  the  hook. 

The  circle  on  the  N-hook  side  of  a  straight  stem,  immediately 
followed  by  a  straight  stem  in  the  same  direction,  represents  ns; 
if  r  follows  the  sound  of  the  second  stem  the  R-hook  should  be 
clearly  formed  on  the  second  stem,  in  wliich  case  no  n  will  be  indi- 
cated. 

Whenever  a  circle  and  R-hook  occur  hetxocen  stems,  the  circle 
should  be  so  turned  that  the  hook  also  can  be  plainly  showTi,  or 
the  r  indi(!ated  by  turning  the  circle  on  the  left  or  under  side  of  the 
stem.     Lines  11,  12,  13. 

§  10.  The  In-hook  may  be  prefixed  to  an  initial  hook*  whenever 
it  joins  conveniently.  Whenever  the  In-hook  is  prefixed  to  an 
initial  hook  it  is  turned  in  the  same  (hrection  as  the  hook  which  it 
precedes.    It  is  turned  to  the  left  before  the  L-hook  on  Kay  and  Gay. 

The  In-hook  is  not  to  be  used  before  the  R-  or  Way-hooks  on 
Kay,  Gay,  or  Ree;   use  instead  the  ticked  N  stem. 

Two  successive  backward  initial  hooks,  that  is,  the  In-hook 
before  the  L-hook,  on  P,  B,  T,  D,  J,  should  be  avoided.  In  such 
cases  also,  the  ticked  N  is  preferable;   thus  write  enable  'NBl. 

The  Way-hook  may  often  be  omitted  from  the  outline,  and  the 
sound  of  w  b(^  unrepresented,  or  denoted  by  a  minute  half-circle 
in  the  vowel  places. 

This  half-cir(;le  may  also  be  used  to  express  w  imtially  before 
the  stems  T  and  D  followed  by  a  vowel. 

In  outlines,  where  the  stem  B  without  an  initial  hook  immediately 
follows  M,  as  in  ambition,  make  the  M  more  curved  than  usual, 
and  the  B  more  slanting,  so  as  to  get  an  angle  between  them. 


62 


Key  to  Plate  17 
Initial  Hooks:  r,  1,  w  and  y 

1.  r.     Pray,  pry,  price  or  prize,  brew,  brown,  brains,  tree,  try, 
dray,  draw,  drew,  cry,  grain,  agree,  fry,  three,  throne. 

2.  r.    Prayed,  prate,  bright,  broad,  priced,  prized,  pressed,  praised, 
trust,  trusted,  tried  or  trite,  crowd,  grate,  agreed,  fright. 

3.  1.     Play,  plow,  blue,  plain,  blaze,  please,  blister,  claw,  close, 
glisten,  fly,  flee,  flatter. 

4.  1.     Played,   plate,   bloat,   bleed,   plunder,   blessed,   pleasant, 
clawed,  glad,  glitter,  flight,  fled,  fritter. 

5.  r.     Upper,   outer,   odor,   ochre,   eager,   utter,   uttered,   offer, 
offered,  every,  effort,  author,  oiler,  usher. 

6.  1.  Apple,  ably,  idle,  idled,  agile,  eagle,  awful,  oval,  annals, 
easel;  applause,  apprise,  apprised,  approved. 

7.  Taper,  table,  double,  noble  or  nobly,  neighbor,  teacher,  feature, 
ample,  employ,  fable,  viper. 

8.  Heifer,  hovel,  camel,  final,  funeral,  manner,  banner,  pickle, 
moral. 

9.  w.    Twist,  twig,  dwell,  dwelling,  quiver,  quick,  acquit,  loqua- 
cious, acquisition,  acquiesce. 

10.  yoo.    Recuperative,  evacuation,  impugn,  impunity,  impudent, 
amputation,  imbue,  lugubrious. 

11.  Spry,  straw,  screw,  saber,  seeker,  secret,  cipher,  suffer,  sinner, 
sooner,  soother,  sever,  cellar. 

12.  Supple,  sable,  saddle,  settle,  satchel,  sickle,  sorrel,  socially, 
socialist,  civilize,  civilization,  Cecil,  uncivil,  unsocial. 

13.  Squeeze,   skewer,    mastered,   plastered,   destroyed,   disagree, 
discredit,  Jasper,  disclose,  discipline. 

14.  Entry,     untrue,     intricate,     include,     included,     inclination, 
increase,  encroach,  enable,  until. 

15.  Infliction,    inflame,    inflate,    unfold,    unfolded,    involuntary, 
inference,  enforced,  indulgence,  telephone. 

16.  Entwine,   untwist,   untwisted,  indwelling,  intuition,  indubi- 
table, inquiry,  unequivocal,  inducement,  inquisitive. 

17.  Squash,    squirrel,    disquisition,    inquisition,    delinquent,    dis- 
quietude, squalor,  disinclination,  widow. 


L. 


63 


^ C^ 


<i: 


PLATE  17 

.a,'^,\x3a.i,1.i Li,z:,. 

zx.^ ^.,1.'^'^„,'^,_V•^^ l\ : 

^i'^ ^ \.-^ "* ^. \.^ ■^ 

«_aJ A 1^1 1 :^:^ ^JL,,1 C 

.^ _ii k 


^..s; ^1^ 


%_ 


^ ^ ^ -\ ^ + V 


^-T-t^-;-^-^---.^= ^•-- -^ 

(py'" v^-^  -t^ ^  ..^ ^^ ._._ 

.__^1.^„A__,^'..^A_..L ^ ^ ] SL C... 

/..._! 5^..11_1...Z^ -^^...d' q; (^ c^ ^ <5 

/?: C^. S^.A. L^....-..U  < i_. i 

^ '^- "t       P"" §=1" ^— ^^  -  -  i^^^r---'"-^    ^^  -  }^ 

q: '^ \r..Sc^ V" X ^ ^^ 

W—-^ .^^^^. I .« .....,=,.-4^S3_.,.'^Zr]. -^„..1^^_ ..jL. 


/5: 


" " n. 1: ^ i-\ 


yr-e> 


+^ 


/ 


64 


One  clear,  quiet  summer  day  a  cat  and  a  fox,  who  were  old  friends, 
planned  a  trip  and  started  off  together,  paying  flying  visits  to  the 
dwellings,  cellars,  and  barns,  picking  up  whatever  they  could  glean 
and  making  off  with  the  plunder.  Ducklings  for  dinner  and  fresh 
cheese  with  scraps  of  veal  for  supper,  made  feasts  fit  for  a  queen. 
At  twilight  they  concluded  to  have  a  social  hour  and  amuse  them- 
selves with  fables  and  stories.  Finally  they  spoke  of  the  smart 
tricks  they  could  play. 

"You  think  you  are  very  bright  and  quick,"  said  the  fox,  "but 
I  am  strong  and  brave  and  know  twenty  tricks." 

"Well,  that  is  a  great  many,"  replied  the  cat.  "I,  for  my  part, 
know  only  one,  but  I  would  rather  have  that  than  a  thousand  of 
yours." 

Then  the  fox  became  uncivil  and  they  began  to  disagree  with 
each  other,  when  the  distant  baying  of  bloodhounds  broke  in  upon 
them. 

"Where  are  your  twenty  tricks  now?"  said  the  cat  as  he  chmbed 
quite  gracefully  up  the  branch  of  a  tall  tree,  watching  the  frightened 
animal  fleeing  over  field  and  ditch,  through  hedges  and  brambles, 
turning  and  twisting;  but  it  was  not  long  before  his  enemies  caught 
him. 


65 


PLATE  18 

A  Fable 


..^... 


_3 c — \5 ,... 


<^ 


^ 


V :l,_^nw^ 

^■^ i: <  = 


V 


( 


V. 


.,^„...A,_ 


->1 


^  ■ ^. L yi 1 ^ i__s. • ^ 

: _ll 6 ( ^.'^ :_.,^....^...L..,,^.^L-..L-. 

-■^-'L ^^- ^" --■- 

: ki....:..__x,._,i ^ fTt^^r, L__i 

e-<r--^~.-, y;.-~ > > >>»^ «• J-j 

^ ^ -■- -- -- - ^..->..*.- - 

^ <- ^ "^ ^ ^ ^ ^ I \r^~i i- 

— J< ■■I; ,....X„^ -X -  V^ ^ V-< — -^ 

I L.-> ^^ -' -' --.^-..^\> 

r^-i- - .-^^.^.'^ ^.^ ^ 'J' £-^ 

H 4f 1^^- v^- ^ — ~~ 


66 


CHAPTER  IX 

INITIAL  VOWEL  AND  ASPIRATE  TICKS 

Illustrated  by  Plate  19 

§  1.  The  initial  vowel  of  a  word  instead  of  being  represented  by 
its  own  proper  sign  may  be  denoted  by  an  upright  or  horizontal 
tick  attached  to  the  beginning  of  the  first  stem  of  a  word,  or  to  its 
initial  hook.  This  tick  forms  a  part  of  the  outhne;  the  exact  vowel 
it  represents  will  usually  be  suggested  by  the  context  and  the  posi- 
tion of  the  stem  to  which  it  is  joined.  Write  it  upward  before 
SH  and  N,  down  before  Kay,  Gay,  and  Ree. 

The  initial  vowel  tick  need  not  be  written  before  uR  or  NG, 
because  these  stems  are  always  preceded  by  a  vowel. 

Always  prefix  the  tick  to  Ree  when  it  is  used  with  an  initial  vowel 
immediately  preceding,  and  generally,  to  Lee. 

The  stem  W,  when  initial,  may  be  substituted  by  the  initial 
tick  before  CH  and  SH. 

§  2.  Use  the  aspirate  tick  before  every  stem  except  Kay,  Gay, 
and  Ree. 

The  aspirate  tick  should  aofk  be  used  instead  of  the  stem  Hay 
before  L,  when  1  is  not  followed  by  a  vowel. 

Use  the  stem  Hay  in  the  following: 

(a)  When  1  is  followed  by  a  vowel  sound; 

(b)  Before  a  circle  or  an  initial  hook,  except  before  Wr  and  Wl; 

(c)  In  writing  words  composed  of  H  and  n,  t,  s,  st,  zd,  ter,  or 
shun,  in  order  that  the  final  adjunct  may  be  used. 

§  3.  The  compound  vowel  signs  may  be  attached  to  the  stems 
whenever  a  good  junction  can  be  made;  ow  may  be  inverted  for 
joining.  When  the  full  sign,  initially,  does  not  unite  easily,  write 
the  initial  vowel  tick. 

The  compound  vowels  are  often  inserted  in  the  outline. 

Whom  may  be  written  with  the  word-sign  for  who  attached  to 
the  stem  M. 

§  4.  Additional  Word-signs.  T  on  the  line  for  what  is  excep- 
tional as  to  position.  Zv  for  other  is  exceptional  as  to  form;  Zy  does 
not  represent  a  word,  and  it  is  a  better  form  for  joining  than  THr. 
The  same  form  in  the  third  position  is  used  for  either.  Write  hNd 
for  hand  to  avoid  conflict  with  mind,  when  the  vowels  are  omitted. 

The  Hay-tick  is  omitted  from  had,  have,  happy,  which  thereby 
become  word  signs. 

In  the  reporting  style  of  writing,  few  words  are  vocalized;  even 
the  initial  vowel  tick  is  not  written,  except  where  it  must  be  retained 
to  distinguish  conflicting  words,  as  each  from  ivhich,  any  from  no,  etc. 


67 

Proper  names,  uncommon  and  technical  words  should  always 
be  written  witii  the  plainest  forms,  and  be  fully  vocalized. 

Great  care  should  be  taken  to  have  the  first  word  of  a  sentence 
unmistakable. 

When  two  forms  for  a  word  are  given  in  diiTcrent  lessons,  either 
outhne  may  be  used. 

J  ^^  .rcJ^ 

/y   r-  '       (  L  TEST  EXERCISE 

Before  1800,  some  of  the  natives  in  a  section  of  Louisiana  were 
reduced  to  poverty  by  the  failure  of  the  crop  of  indigo,  and  were 
suffering  for  the  necessaries  and  comforts  of  existence.  A  prominent 
man  had  long  wanted  to  make  sugar,  and  at  this  crisis  determined 
to  do  so.  He  unfolded  his  secret  plan  to  his  neighbors,  who  tried 
to  tliscouragc  him  completely,  but  in  spite  of  all  entreaties  he  doubled 
his  efforts  and  started  to  plant  twenty  acres  of  sugar  cane. 

Many  eager  visitors  came  to  his  i)lantation  all  that  summer,  and 
when  the  grinding  of  the  canes  began,  a  great  number  of  inquisitive 
people  were  present  to  witness  the  success  of  the  effort.  The  crowd 
waited  several  minutes,  breathless  and  with  increasing  interest, 
for  the  man  who  was  heating  the  syrup  to  announce  that  it  was 
quite  ready.  An  involuntary  stillness  came  over  each  one  as  they 
realized  that  it  was  a  matter  of  utter  ruin  or  of  unquestioned  pros- 
perity to  them.  In  the  midst  of  this  impressive  silence,  suddenly 
the  sugar-maker  cried  in  stentorian  tones  and  with  an  unequivocal 
manner,  "It  granulates!"  Inside  the  barn,  as  well  as  outside,  the 
interesting  news  flew.  When  the  bystanders  could  no  longer  doubt 
the  fact,  they  pressed  around  the  able  and  efhcient  planter,  almost 
embracing  him. 

The  next  season  he  had  a  crop  which  sold  for  twelve  thousand 
pieces  of  silver,  quite  a  sum  for  that  time.  This  enabled  him  to 
branch  out  in  other  fields  of  labor,  and  his  estate  soon  produced 
fine  fruits  and  vegetables,  and  each  pleasant  day  wagons  loaded 
with  a  splendid  array  of  grapes,  squashes,  and  other  staple  products 
were  driven  to  the  city,  and  the  drivers  were  back  at  the  plantation 
at  half-past  ten  o'clock  with  the  daily  paper  and  anything  else  they 
were  requested  to  bring. 


68 


\y 


Key  to  Plate  19 

1.  Eat,  odd,  each,  edge  or  age,  ago,  off,  any,  ill,  allow,  element, 
error,  orbit,  airs,  arise. 

2.  Another,  essay,  easy,  assassin,  oral,  offer,  annals,  honor,  whole, 
holder,  held,  hold,  happen,  head,  half. 

3.  Hopper,  hobble,  whirl,  hospital,  holly,  hen,  house,  haste,  heat, 
Hessian,  aisle,  oil,  owl,  whom. 

4.  Committee,  company,  between,  think,  thank,  change,  charge, 
large,  part,  without,  year,  watch,  wash,  along,  hand. 

5.  During,  other,  every  or  very,  general,  before,  above,  number, 
several,  possible,  together,  question,  world,  account,  began,  because. 


6  Blank  Street, 

Trenton,  New  Jersey, 
April  12. 
Mr.  Frank  Weaver, 
Scouts'  Camp  Number  Three, 
Pomfret,  Conn. 
Dear  Sir: 

Will  you  please  answer  the  following  questions  in  regard  to  the 
Boy  Scouts'  Camp  Number  Three: 

When  does  the  camp  open  for  the  season?  Wliat  are  the  rates 
charged  per  week?  Is  the  location  of  the  camp  pleasant,  and  the 
drinking  water  pure?  Is  the  discipline  strict  at  all  times?  WTiat 
equipment  is  each  one  expected  to  bring?  Could  I  be  tutored  in 
elementary  French  during  the  summer? 

If  you  have  a  booklet  containing  any  other  information,  will  you 
kindly  send  it  to  me,  and  oblige 

Yours  very  truly. 


09 


PLATE   19 


1 ' /-^: 


\. 


A 


Jl^C. 


i^L^lh.2 


<z^ 


•"^  ^ 


1.--- ( ' ^ '- L^ X.^ LZ_ 

.^ y iL„../ \,^ \ ^ lA b cizi_^..zi: 


^„^ 1 V 


^^ 


^  •;; ^   \     "X /»    ; , , 

,.v^., ^,„ 

¥f:{\^ se:..„^.„i^...^ 

.\ X- "^ i-,,.i::2\ \S.--:^^... 

■^ \^^~-o ^ t ^-^ ^ e-^^7 -^—f 

^-^■N^-^ - ^ \ \f ^ ^    X--.^^ 


o   o       -■ 

* H— 


^ ^^:^:^>_ ^ :- a_^- 


■- ^- 


70 


CHAPTER  X 

SPECIAL  VOCALIZATION 

Illustrated  by  Plate  20 

§  1.  The  R-  and  L-hooks  represent  the  sounds  of  r  and  1  imme- 
diately following  another  consonant,  accompanied  by  a  vowel  sign 
which  sounds  after  the  hook.  But  the  R-  and  L-hooks  may  also  be 
employed  foi"  the  purpose  of  denoting  r  and  1  when  a  distinct  vowel 
is  heard  between  the  sound  of  the  stem  and  that  of  the  hook,  as  in 
car.  By  this  special  use  of  the  R-  and  L-hooks,  we  express  a  number 
of  short  words  by  one  stem  and  a  hook,  instead  of  using  two  stems, 
and,  by  condensing  the  outlines  of  many  longer  words,  greatly 
facilitate  the  reacUng  and  writing  of  them. 

For  the  representation  of  the  accented  or  prominent  vowel,  which 
sounds  between  the  stem  and  initial  hook,  a  particular  scheme  of 
vowel  signs  is  needed,  which  is  explained  in  the  next  section. 

§  2.  Special  Vocalization.  The  dot  vowel  signs  are  substituted 
by  minute  circles  which  occupy  the  same  places;  written  before 
the  stem  if  the  vowel  is  long,  and  after  the  stem  if  the  vowel  is  short, 
but  in  either  case  sounding  after  the  stem. 

The  dash  and  compound  vowel  signs  are  struck  through  the 
stems  in  their  own  proper  directions  when  it  is  practicable.  If  the 
direction  of  the  stem  is  the  same  as  that  of  the  dash  vowel  sign, 
the  horizontal  dashes  should  be  inclined  a  little  downward  at  the 
right  end,  and  the  perpendicular  dashes  made  slanting  to  the  left. 

The  natural  vowel  in  heard  and  cur  may  usually  be  left  undenoted. 

Whenever  the  writing  of  a  dash  or  compound  sign  through  the 
stem  would  interfere  with  a  hook  or  circle,  it  should  be  written 
at  the  extreme  end  which  is  nearest  to  its  proper  place. 

In  reading  words  specially  vocaUzed,  sound  the  stem  first,  the 
vowel  next,  and  the  hook  after  both.    Lines  1  to  4. 

§  3.  Short  Words.  There  is  a  limit  to  the  use  of  the  R-  and 
L-hooks  and  special  vocalization  for  the  expression  of  short  words. 
A  large  proportion  of  monosyllables  which  end  in  r  or  1  should 
terminate  with  the  stems  R  or  L. 

The  following  rules,  and  the  words  on  Plate  14,  hnes  1-8,' prac- 
tically cover  the  words  of  one  syllable  for  the  use  of  the  R-  and 
L-hooks  when  there  is  an  intervening  vowel. 

1st.  Use  the  R-hook  when  the  sound  of  r,  preceded  by  a  single 
simple  vowel,  succeeds  the  sounds  of  the  stems  K,  /i,  SH,  L,  TH, 
TH,  N,  M,  Y,  or  W.    Lines  1  and  2. 

2d.  Use  the  L-hook  when  the  sound  of  1,  preceded  by  a  single 
vowel,  follows  the  sounds  of  the  stems  Z,  SII,  L,  R,  or  W.  Lines 
3  and  4. 


71 

Words  containing  three  consonant  sounds,  beginning  with  s  and 
ending  with  t  must  commence  with  the  circle,  and  have  the  second 
consonant  sign — the  stem — halved  for  the  addition  of  t.  Line  4, 
last  half. 

3d.  Use  the  initial  hooks  and  special  vocalization  in  writing  the 
words  on  lines  5,  Jo,  7,  and  8;  also  in  monosyllables  ending  in  ch, 
as  in  perch;  and  in  those  encUng  in  rk,  as  in  dark.  After  F  or  L, 
the  stems  uR  and  K  are  used,  as  in  fork,  lark. 

When  final  r  or  1  follows  a  vowel  sound  after  qu,  equal  to  kw,  as 
in  queer,  quill,  end  the  outline  Wr  or  Wl. 

Note  the  words  on  the  latter  part  of  line  8  -wTitten  with  half- 
length  stems. 

An  outline  composed  of  only  one  stem  and  an  initial  adjunct 
may  be  halved  for  d  unless  there  is  some  other  word  of  like  outline 
and  of  the  same  part  of  speech  ending  with  t  which  would  confhct 
in  reading,  as  sent  and  send. 

A  stem  with  a  large  initial  hook  should  not  be  halved  for  d  if  the 
stem  D  will  form  an  angle  with  it. 

Monosyllables  and  short  words  which  terminate  with  r  or  1  and 
are  not  included  in  the  preceding  hsts,  should  terminate  with  the 
stem  uR  or  L. 

Verse  is  written  VRs  to  avoid  conflict  with  phrase  (Frs)  should 
the  vowel  l)e  omitted;  force  is  written  FRs  for  the  same  reason. 

Words  having  the  vowel  a  sounding  as  in  fair,  in  connection  with 
a  downward  stem,  should  be  written  with  uR,  except  their  and  ivear. 

Whenever  a  doubt  exists  as  to  whether  the  initial  hooks  and  special 
vocalization  are  applicable  to  a  particular  word,  it  is  best  to  employ 
the  two  stems  to  express  that  word,  provided  the  downward  uR 
or  L  makes  a  good  angle  with  the  preceding  stem;  if  it  does  not, 
as  is  the  case  with  uR  after  Kay,  Gaj^,  iTH,  THee,  SHee,  Yay, 
and  with  L  after  CHay,  Jay,  eS,  Zee,  use  the  hook  in  place  of  the 
stem.  Still,  there  are  special  cases  in  which  the  stem,  even  though 
it  joins  awkwardly,  is  preferable,  in  order  to  insure  accurate  reading 
and  freedom  from  conflict. 

The  hooks  should  not  be  used  for  r  and  1  if  these  sounds  are 
preceded  by  two  distinct  vowels,  as  in  coward,  jewel,  etc. 

§  4.  Dissyllables  and  Longer  Words.  In  wTiting  words  of 
two  or  more  syllables,  which  are  represented  by  outhnes  consisting 
of  more  than  one  stem,  the  R-  and  L-hooks  may  be  freely  used 
with  either  their  proper  or  special  power;  and  in  place  of  either 
uR  or  Ree,  eL  or  Lee,  whenever  by  their  use  a  clearer  or  more 
compact  outline  can  be  obtained  than  by  using  the  stem  signs. 
Where  a  hook  cannot  be  made  plainly,  the  corresponding  stem  may 
be  used,  as  in  shiver. 

When  the  sounds  si  are  final,  as  in  vessel,  they  should  be  denoted 
by  sL,  or  sL  if  the  latter  makes  a  better  joining. 

The  consonant  r  occurring  after  sk  in  the  middle  of  a  word,  as  in 
obscure,  is  represented  by  turning  the  circle  on  the  under  side  of  the 
k,  instead  of  turning  it  on  the  outside  of  the  angle.    Line  9. 


72 

§  5.  When  r  or  1  is  the  second  consonant  in  a  prefix  or  first  syllable, 
it  is  usually  expressed  by  its  initial  hook.  The  R-hook  is  omitted  from 
words  beginning  with  for,  but  retained  in  far  and  fore.  The  outlines 
of  words  ending  in  nary,  'nly  or  ingly  may  terminate  with  the  stems 
N  and  NG,  having  the  initial  hook  for  r  or  1;  but  more  frequently 
the  previous  outline  requires  the  stem  Ree  to  denote  the  syllable 
ry.     Lines  10,  11,  12. 

§  6.  The  final  syllable  der  is  usually  best  denoted  by  Dr  instead 
of  by  the  Ter-hook  or  doubling  the  length  of  the  curve.  Especially 
should  der  be  expressed  by  Dr  in  sj^ecial  cases,  where  conflict  might 
arise  with  words  ending  in  ter  or  ther  on  account  of  those  words 
being  of  the  same  part  of  speech  and  written  in  the  same  position. 
Line  13. 

There  is,  however,  an  advantage  in  the  use  of  the  lengthening 
principle  and  Ter-hooks  which  should  not  be  overlooked.  They 
indicate  invariably  a  final  syllable  ending  with  r;  while  Tr  or  Dr 
may  be  succeeded  by  a  vowel.  Phonographic  writers  avail  them- 
selves of  this  fact  to  distinguish  by  outline  words  likely  to  conflict 
in  reading;  as  center,  written  sNtr,  and  sentry,  sNTr.     Line  13. 

Long  or  difficult  forms  may  be  improved  by  the  use  of  hooks 
and  circles  in  the  place  of  stems  in  the  middle  of  outlines,  since  they 
break  what  w^ould  otherwise  be  a  continuous  stem  outline,  and,  by 
giving  definiteness  to  the  forms,  add  greatly  to  the  legibility  of  the 
writing. 

§  7.  To  indicate,  as  far  as  possible,  the  presence  or  absence  of 
a  following  vowel  without  writing  its  sign,  it  is  advisable  to  use  the 
N-hook  for  n  in  the  middle  as  well  as  at  the  end  of  words,  when 
that  sound  is  not  followed  by  a  vowel,  and  to  employ  the  stem 
form  whenever  a  vowel  does  succeed  the  n  sound.  Whenever  the 
above  direction  cannot  be  applied,  the  In-hook  may  be  substituted 
for  the  N-hook.  See  the  word  French.  In  longer  words  the  In- 
hook  may  take  the  place  of  the  stem  N. 

The  general  rule  for  writing  final  ns  with  the  N-hook  and  circle, 
and  nt  by  the  N-hook  on  a  half-length  stem,  is  often  disregarded 
where  it  is  necessary  to  finish  the  foregoing  part  of  the  word  with 
a  circle  or  hook;  and  ant  or  ent,  as  well  as  net,  is  written  Nt;  and 
ance  and  ence,  like  ness,  are  written  with  Ns. 

The  F-hook  is  used  medially  regardless  of  a  following  vowel  when- 
ever the  outline  is  made  more  distinct  by  its  use. 

The  syllable  less  is  sometimes  necessarily  written  Ls,  and  al  with 
L.     Line  14. 

§  8.  For  the  purpose  of  further  securing  distinct  and  easy  outlines, 
it  is  allowable  to  use  Ree  to  represent  the  sound  of  r,  when  not 
followed  by  a  vowel.  Therefore  use  sR  for  words  that  begin  with 
the  syllable  ser,  unless  the  second  stem  is  K,  G,  or  M;  in  the  latter 
cases  employ  sR.  This  rule  may  be  followed  irrespective  of  the 
presence  or  absence  of  a  following  vowel. 

Also  use  sR  after  Ks,  as  in  exercise,  or  after  another  Ree,  as  in 
research. 


73 

Ree  is  also  employed  when  some  distinction  is  needed  between 
outlines,  as  in  birth,  Bi^TH,  which  is  thus  distinguished  from  breath, 
HrTH,  and  whenever  the  use  of  ull,  or  of  the  li-hook,  would  make 
an  indefinite  form,  or  extend  the  outline  too  far  downward,  as  in 
pursue,  party,  tardy. 

§  9.  Words  ending  with  the  sounds  of  rr,  rl,  and  Ir,  have  their 
terminations  represented  as  follows: 

1st.  rr,  with  a  single  intermediate  vowel,  as  in  bearer,  by  Rr; 
with  two  interme(hate  vowels,  as  in  barrier,  l)y'  Rr  or  RR. 

2d.  rl,  with  no  intermediate  vowel,  as  in  furl,  by  the  R-hook 
attached  to  the  stem  sign  of  the  previous  consonant,  followed  by 
the  stem  L  (line  7,  last  part);  with  an  intermediate  vowel,  as  in 
barrel,  by  R\;   with  two  intermediate  vowels,  as  in  burial,  by  RL. 

3d.  Ir,  with  one  or  more  intermediate  vowels,  Lr;  or  LR,  if  the 
former  will  not  unite  clearly.  In  some  cases  the  1  is  denoted  by  a 
hook  on  the  first  stem. 

The  terminations  shr  and  shl  may  be  struck  up  or  down.  Two 
intermediate  vowels  (!an  be  (>xpressed  by  the  appropriate  compound 
vowel  sign.     Lines  16  and  17. 


74 


Plate  20 
Special  Vocalization 

1.  Care,  car,  cure,  course,  court,  occur,  rear,  roar,  sure,  share, 
short,  nor,  more.    Also  mere,  near,  lure,  leer,  mourn. 

2.  Third,  thirst,  there,  lore,  learn,  war,  wart  or  ward,  worst, 
work,  warm,  wear,  word,  worm,  morn. 

3.  Assail,  assailed,  zeal,  shell,  shalt,  shield,  lull,  real,  rule,  rail, 
roll,  realm,  relate,  relative,  relation. 

4.  Wall,  weal,  wheel,  whale,  wile  or  while  (add  initial  vowel 
tick  for  "awhile"),  wild,  wool.  Salt,  consult,  assault,  assert,  as- 
saulted, assorted,  sort,  sorted,  concert,  asylum. 

5.  Appear,  perch,  dark,  dear,  cheer,  chirp,  church,  George,  germ, 
call,  cool,  gulf,  till,  tell,  Charles,  built  or  build,  far.  Also  farm, 
park,  mark,  marked,  market — MrKT. 

6.  Fore,  fort,  forth,  false,  fill,  film,  filch,  verge,  verb,  verse,  valve, 
nail,  null,  mill,  milk.    Also  forge,  lard. 

7.  Mile,  quire,  esquire,  yore,  yule  or  you'll,  Yale,  yield,  girl,  hurl, 
furl,  marl,  snarl. 

8.  Swell,  squall,  square,  queer,  quill.  Toward,  told,  child,  gold, 
secured,  hard,  heard,  port,  lord. 

9.  Debar,  paltry,  impart,  divulge,  degenerate,  shiver,  lever, 
level,  vessel,  axle,  muscle,  obscure. 

10.  Charter,  delegate,  darker,  broader,  agriculture,  college, 
collegian,  knowledge,  sharpen,  carbon,  guardian,  garden. 

11.  Furlong,  fulfill,  farmer,  former,  thermometer,  prevent,  release, 
relevant,  reluctant,  railroad,  purchase. 

12.  Ordinary,  provokingly,  exceedingly,  mercenary,  dignitary, 
prefatory,  secondary,  actuary,  votary. 

13.  Water,  watery,  order,  ordered,  letter,  elder,  later,  older, 
farther,  further,  shelter,  barter,  betray. 

14.  Punch,  punish,  lunch,  lineage,  French,  persons,  presence, 
business,  present,  dependence,  descendant,  definite,  useless. 

15.  Serve,  servant,  sergeant,  certain,  survey,  circuit,  sermon, 
breath,  birth,  tardy,  research,  ceremonial. 

16.  Bearer,  horror,  career,  terror,  terrier,  merrier,  pearl,  peril, 
parallel,  memorial,  serial. 

17.  Ethereal,  atrial,  valor,  color,  cooler,  dollar,  gallery,  collier, 
auxiliary. 


75 


PLATE   20 


J  J 


c i Lcr D...i...r^,..:^>LJ^:>^^ 

^.i.?..o ^ f^ ^^^ ^..^^. 

^..^^^h^^L^ Lx  ^: x"). ?..fi::^..-^. 


....<f:^.. 


,^ .L....4L...L..„> ^^ 

T^ _..>_-. 


Lu 


t 


^. 


Ci-^  ..<;:+^... 


■P '.■ 


\n 


■T T 


„<=5 °-^,.,"^„,^„^ :» *■ 


•?. ^ N.^^ 


..i' LJ- 4  =^  ^    '  ^  -A -^  -1 - 

'n  I  /I 


^^^^.^ 


ii..,,."^, "W^ 


..\^.. 


^ 


./^./c:^,. 


:^ ^.... -^i 


i3. 
lb..... 


t,........S^. 

-,h '^ >^ 


76 


SPARE  MOMENTS 

A  boy,  poorly  dressed,  asked  one  morning  to  see  the  principal 
of  a  celebrated  school.  The  servant  glanced  at  his  mean  apparel, 
and,  thinking  he  looked  like  a  beggar  more  than  anything  else,  was 
inclined  to  refuse  his  request. 

"Excuse  me,  but  I  should  like  to  speak  to  Mr.  Blank,"  requested 
the  boy,  persistently. 

"Well,  he  is  in  the  library,  if  he  must  be  disturbed." 

After  conversing  awhile  with  his  early  visitor,  the  principal  laid 
aside  the  volume  he  had  been  studying  and  took  up  a  Greek  book 
and  began  to  examine  the  newcomer,  observing  that  every  question 
he  put  forward  the  boy  instantly  answered.  "Why,  my  boy,"  he 
exclaimed  with  surprise,  "you  answer  extremely  well!  Where  did 
you  gather  so  much  information?" 

"In  my  spare  moments,"  replied  the  boy. 

He  was  a  hard-working  lad,  yet  he  had  almost  fitted  himself  for 
college  by  simply  improving  his  spare  moments.  Several  years 
later  he  became  known  all  the  world  over  as  the  eminent  geologist, 
Hugh  Miller. 

It  is  said  that  Elihu  Burritt,  who  was  called  "the  learned  black- 
smith," was  in  the  habit,  when  an  apprentice  boy,  of  having  a 
grammar  of  some  foreign  language  fastened  before  him  on  the 
chimney  of  the  forge,  so  that  while  engaged  with  his  work  he  could 
incidentally  get  glimpses  of  his  book. 

What  account  can  you  give  of  your  spare  moments? 


77 


PLATE   21 

Spare  Moments 

i.-l,,_v^ L,I .x^,r:^i.„-v- 

~^ "-^■s ''i:^ o '^■'^ ■ ^n ; 


7' 


^  »<5-^ 


^. ^ ^ ^ f, ^ b-.. ^ ^ I 

^ ^ J f ' ^ \ :. 

.-.^.., ^: ^ L c^ 


< 


•F 


X 


I 


x^ 


n., .,  1 


"\ 


^ '^' - :"■■ 

--"■-t ^-^^ ^ 

■^ r ^. ^-: 


'  \^....f.. 


..I/'.... 


n 


^ 


' ^ v-,-.^ ^ 1..-.^...-^...: :^ 


t^ •- 7 '-T 

.1, :> i..::^..._.\.... ! ^r- : r^... i... 

..:i ^ A, ^ z.......i_^i k^...,..\ !^... 


'""""<■" -" '^"^j^ 


78 


CHAPTER  XI 

THE  V-HOOK — PREFIXES  AND  SUFFIXES CONTRACTIONS 

Illustratfid  by  Plate  22 

§  1.  The  V-hook.  This  is  a  long  pointed  hook  which  is  added 
to  ciirved  stems  for  the  sound  of  /  or  v.  It  is  not  regularly  employed 
for  final  /  or  v,  as  is  the  F-hook  on  straight  stems,  but  is  used  chiefly 
as  a  suffix  and  in  phrase  writing.  It  should  not  be  used  with  a  half- 
length  stem,  nor  in  writing  words  which  ''orm  the  past  tense  with 
d,  nor  should  the  circle  be  added.    Line  1. 

§  2.  Prefixes.  The  initial  dot  sign  for  the  prefixes  co7n,  con,  and 
cog  has  been  described.  When  these  syllables  occur  in  the  middle 
of  a  word,  they  may  be  indicated  by  breaking  the  outUne,  and 
writing  that  part  which  precedes  the  con  close  to  or  overlapping  the 
remainder.  A  cUsjoined  prefix  should  rest  oti  the  line  if  the  stem 
is  an  upright  or  a  slope,  and  above  the  hne  if  it  is  horizontal.  In  this 
class  of  words,  as  well  as  those  having  outlines  of  more  than  two 
stems,  strict  position  according  to  accent  need  not  be  observed, 
unless  the  stems  are  all  horizontals. 

Words  beginning  with  circum  drop  the  cum. 

Words  beginning  with  incon,  or  a  similar  prefix,  begin  with  an 
In-hook  curved  like  an  N  stem  and  the  stem  K,  joined  to  the  rest 
of  the  outline;  the  expression  of  m,  n,  or  g  being  omitted  except 
where  the  N-hook  is  desirable  to  break  the  outline. 

To  denote  inac,  unac,  etc.,  where  a  vowel  precedes  K,  invert 
the  In-hook. 

In  some  long  words,  all  indication  of  con,  com,  or  cwm  is  omitted. 
Lines  2  and  3. 

The  prefixes  in,  all,  with,  where,  for,  ever,  over,  and  self,  are  denoted 
by  their  word-signs  attached  to  the  rest  of  the  outUne,  position 
being  governed  by  the  accent  of  the  whole  word,  except  that 
where  must  keep  its  place  above  the  line,  and  self  on  the  line;  self 
must  sometimes  be  written  detached. 

Fore  is  expressed  by  Fr  or  FR;  here  by  tick  R  through  the  line; 
'relro  by  RR;  orlho  by  TH  initially  ticked;  hand  by  Hnd  or  hNd; 
magni-c-a  by  M  disjoined,  above  the  remainder  of  the  outline. 

The  negatives  ir,  il,  im,  are  denoted  by  the  initial  vowel  tick 
upon  the  root  word.    Lines  4  and  5. 


79 

§  3.  Suffixes.  When  they  cannot  be  written  in  full,  the  follow- 
ing suffixes  may  be  expressed  by  suitable  stems  or  adjuncts:  Ble  or 
bly  by  B;  ful  or  fully  by  F,  or  the  F-  or  the  V-hook;  ever  by  V, 
or  the  F-  or  V-hook;  soerer  by  the  circle  and  V:  sh'l  or  sh'ly  or  ship 
by  SH,  up  or  down,  it  being  sometimes  disjoined  for  the  latter 
suffix;  ology  by  J.  Denote  in  by  the  N-hook;  on  by  the  In-hook; 
of,  F-  or  Ive-hook]  fore,  F  or  Fr;  ward,  Wd  or  Wrd;  yard  lid; 
hand,  Und  or  Nd;  self  and  selves  by  the  small  and  large  circle; 
hood  or  head,  by  Hd  or  D;  hearted,   by  RTd,  or  by  Rt,  or  by  /Jit. 

The  signs  for  the  following  suffixes  should  be  detached  from  the 
preceding  outline:  IMnt  for  mental  or  mentality;  Bs  for  bleness; 
Fs  ioT  fulness;   \^s  ior  lessness.     Lines  6,  7,  8,  9. 

Ly  and  ry  may  be  expressed  by  the  L-  and  R-hooks  instead  of  the 
stems  L  and  R,  whenever  clearness  of  form  is  increased  thereby. 
Where  it  seems  necessary,  a  final  vowel  sign  should  be  written. 

In  writing  long  words,  a  close  or  open  diphthong  sign  may  be  some- 
times used  between  stems,  or  at  the  end  of  the  final  stem,  the  angle 
turning  in  any  convenient  direction. 

When  several  straight  stems  in  the  same  direction  follow  each 
other,  as  in  dietetic,  attitude,  cachexy,  a  medial  vowel  tick  or  an 
aspirate  tick,  ma.y  be  used  to  break  the  outline.    Line  10. 

§  4.  The  stem  Yay  generally  commences  the  outlines  of  words 
beginning  with  ;*  or  eu,  but  when  Yay  does  not  join  well  with  a  fol- 
lowing stem,  the  vowel  sign  for  eu  or  the  initial  vowel  tick  may 
take  its  place,  as  in  utensil,  Utah.  Medial  u  is  commonly  unrepre- 
sented unless  the  vowel  sign  is  written. 

The  syllable  ion  may  be  expressed  by  the  In-hook,  as  pinion — Pnn. 

Either  form  of  the  Shun-hook  may  be  used  to  secure  an  easy  and 
distinct  joining  with  a  following  stem. 

The  second  Shun-hook  denotes  ation  or  ition  after  a  half-length 
or  finally-hooked  stem,  or  after  a  lengthened  curve. 

After  a  lengthened  curve,  the  Ive-hook  has  the  power  of  live, 
and  the  In-hook  the  sound  of  either  n  or  'n.     Line  IL 

§  5.  The  outlines  of  words  ending  in  ciation  are  best  terminated 
with  the  double-sized  circle  and  In-hook.  Write  association,  SSHshn. 
After  the  Ster-loop,  the  In-hook  denotes  either  n  or  shn. 

It  is  allowable  to  substitute  a  medial  In-hook  for  the  N-hook, 
when  the  latter  does  not  produce  a  good  outline. 

In  some  cases  the  sound  of  ng  before  K,  is  allowed  to  be  represented 
hy  the  N-hook,  as  bank — BnK. 


80 

The  outlines  of  words  ending  in  tention  as  retention,  may  terminate 
with  TNshn,  thus  avoiding  the  two  backward  hooks  which  are  less 
easily  made.     Line  12. 

The  stem  NG  for  ing,  and  NGs  for  ings,  should  be  added  to  full 
outlines  when  practicable,  rather  than  the  final  dot  and  the  small 
detached  circle;  but  the  dot  or  circle  should  be  used  after  a  word- 
sign,  contraction,  or  very  brief  outhne. 

Words  ending  in  the  sounds  of  It,  Id,  rt,  or  rd,  when  followed  by 
the  syllables  ed,  eth,  ness,  ing,  may  have  the  half-length  I  or  r,  struck 
upward,  so  as  to  avoid  raising  the  hand  to  add  a  disjoined  character. 

In  a  few  cases  where  the  same  consonant  is  repeated  without  a 
vowel  between,  both  are  represented,  as  in  soul-less,  wholly. 

In  positive  and  negative  forms  of  the  same  word,  the  In-hook 
or  the  initial  vowel  tick  serves  as  a  distinction. 

A  circle  added  to  a  word  or  word-sign  may  express  either  the 
plural  number  or  possessive  case  of  a  noun,  the  third  person  singular 
of  a  verb,  or  a  derived  adjective.     Line  14. 

The  R-hook  and  the  small  loop  are  used  to  add  er  and  est  to  many 
words  and  word-signs. 

When  the  only  distinction  between  an  adjective  and  its  derived 
adverb  is  the  sound  of  final  y,  both  may  be  represented  by  the  same 
form. 

Denote  the  initial  of  a  proper  name  by  the  sign  which  expresses 
the  corresponding  Roman  letter,  rather  than  by  the  character  which 
denotes  the  real  sound.  Thus,  write  the  stem  T  for  the  initial  of 
Theodore,  P  for  Philip,  etc.  Represent  S  by  the  stem  S  on  the  line, 
C  by  S  through  it,  G  by  J  through  the  line,  and  R  by  Ree.  Use 
initially  ticked  CHay  for  H.  Write  A,  heavy  dot  on  the  line,  for 
Alfred,  Arthur,  or  Augustus,  and  E,  the  dot  below  the  line,  for 
Emma,  Ernest,  or  Eugene,  as  well  as  for  Eli.     Line  15. 

§  6.  Contractions.  Outlines  of  more  than  one  consonant  char- 
acter which  do  not  represent  all  the  consonant  sounds  in  the  word 
are  called  contractions.  They  are  employed  for  frequently-recurring 
words,  and  where  the  full  outline  is  very  long  or  awkward,  or  where 
peculiar  difficulty  occurs  in  the  representation  of  some  consonant. 

Most  contractions  are  made  in  accordance  with  certain  rules. 
These  should  be  applied  with  judgment,  for  the  shortest  form  is  not 
always  the  best.  Legibility  is  a  more  essential  quality  than  brevity; 
and  outlines  should  never  be  so  contracted  as  to  make  it  difficult 
for  the  writer  to  read  his  notes.  Speed  in  writing  is  acquired  by 
constant  practice  rather  than  by  using  the  briefest  possible  outlines. 


81 

The  following  are  the  rules  upon  which  contractions  are  usually 
made : 

1st.  The  outlines  of  very  long  words  are  best  contracted  by 
leaving  the  latter  part  of  the  word  unwritten. 

2d.  The  signs  for  slightlj'  .sounding  consonants  may  be  omitted, 
as  p  in  prompt,  one  s  in  misspell,  t  in  postpone,  g  in  angry,  k  in  anxious, 
etc. 

3d.  The  small  circle  may  be  substituted  for  the  small  loop  in 
the  middle  of  a  word,  leaving  the  sound  t  unrepresented  whenever 
an  easier  form  will  result. 

4th.  Long  outlines  may  be  shortened  by  the  omission  of  an  initial 
or  mecUal  K,  or  some  other  medial  stem  that  can  be  left  out  without 
impairing  the  legibility  of  the  outline.    Line  16. 

5th.  The  outhnes  of  words  of  three  or  more  syllables  ending 
with  r'ty  or  I'ty,  may  be  shortened  bj^  halving  the  final  stem  R  or 
L,  or  any  final  stem  having  the  L-  or  R-hook. 

6th.  The  hook-signs  are  sometimes  imperfecth'  formed  or  omitted 
in  the  middle  of  an  outhne  when  they  cannot  be  made  without 
extra  trouble.  - 


82 


Plate  22 
vee-hook:    prefixes  &  suffixes,  etc. 

1.  Life,  leave,  thief,  theft,  thrifty,  fife  or  five,  favorite,  knave, 
knavery,  sheaf,  wove,  woof,  alive,  elf,  aloof. 

2.  Decompose,  disconcert,  recommend,  reconciliation,  unreconciled, 
recognized,  misconstrue,  misconception,  non-conformist,  circumvent. 

3.  Inconsolable,  inconstant,  uncomplaining,  incognito,  inaccu- 
racy, unaccountable,  inconsiderate,  inconceivable,  circumlocution, 
circumference. 

4.  Inmate;  almighty;  withdraw;  withheld,  withhold;  whereby, 
wherefore;   forget,  forlaidden;   evermore;   overflow;   self-esteem. 

5.  Foreknow,  forego;  hereupon,  herewith;  retrograde;  orthodox, 
handwriting,  handmaid;  magnetism;  irreverent,  eligible. 

G.  Commendable,  forcible;  painful,  handful,  graceful,  health- 
fulness,  cheerfulness;  however,  wherever,  whichever,  whoevei, 
whosoever,  whatever,  whenever. 

7.  Howsoever,  whensoever,  whencesoever,  confidential,  friendship, 
lordship,  statesmanship;  therein,  within,  herein;  whereon,  thereon; 
whereof,  thereof. 

8.  Therefore,  therefor,  heretofore;  upward,  onward,  heavenward 
vineyard;  shorthand,  longhand;  thyself,  ourselves,  yourselves; 
manhood,  brotherhood,  boyhood. 

9.  Childhood,  Godhead;  hard-hearted,  down-hearted,  soft 
hearted;  ornamental,  detrimental;  feebleness,  nobleness;  iruitful 
ness,  carefulness,  heedlessness. 

10.  Likely,  weekly,  positively,  mockery,  dowry,  fuel,  malaria, 
dietetic,  cachexy,  prohibit. 

11.  European,  statue,  statute  or  statuette;  union,  auctioneer, 
stationary,  repetition,  temptation,  foundation;  alterative,  nutritive; 
northern. 

12.  Negotiation,  denunciation;  illustration;  ornament,  atone- 
ment, ninety;  bank,  link;  contention,  retention. 

13.  Paying,  hoping,  dosing  or  dozing,  advertising,  partings, 
meetings,  boarding;  yielded,  abruptness,  platitude,  lendeth,  medi- 
tated, confidently. 

14.  Afforded,  folding,  boldness,  melteth;  wholly;  unknown, 
unnatural,  unnecessary;   illegal;  pirospers  or  prosperous. 

15.  Sharper,  fairer,  fuller;  greatest,  happiest;  indisputable-bly, 
professional-ly,  material-ty,  oflicial-ly,  exceptional-ly. 

16.  Preliminary,  transcendental,  jurisprudence;  camped,  mis- 
state, junction,  postmaster,  post  office,  industries  or  industrious, 
explanatory,  satisfaction,  remarkable. 

17.  Sensibility,  fidelity,  majority,  liberty,  adaptability;  wintry, 
appointment,  attainment,  thenceforward,  husbandman,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 


.s:^ 


PLATE  22 


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>,._YV_ 


84 


THE  VALUE  OF  LITTLE  THINGS 

While  Benjamin  Franklin  was  walking  along  Dock  Street  wharf 
in  Philadelphia  one  morning,  he  stumbled  over  some  strong  wicker 
baskets  in  which  roots  had  been  brought  from  Holland.  No  eye  but 
Franklin's,  perhaps,  would  have  observed  the  single  green  sprout 
on  one  of  the  willows.  He  carefully  cut  it  away  and  planted  it. 
From  this  exceedingly  small  sprig  have  grown  most  of  the  basket 
willows  in  the  country. 

At  another  time,  on  an  old  worn-out  broom,  he  saw  a  seed  still 
clinging  to  its  stem.  This  he  planted,  then  that  which  was  produced 
from  it,  and  in  two  or  three  years  he  had  a  small  crop  of  broom-corn. 
In  less 'than  half  a  century  millions  of  brooms  were  made  from 
the  increased  product  of  that  one  seed. 

Jefferson,  when  in  Europe  on  public  business,  was  continually 
forwarding  to  America  plants  and  seeds.  In  Italy  he  noticed  that  the 
rice  there  was  especially  fine.  He  at  once  bought  three  bushels, 
but  as  he  feared  that  his  courier  might  not  be  permitted  to  take  it 
over  the  mountains  into  France,  Jefferson  put  what  he  could  in  his 
pockets.  He  never  saw  the  remainder  of  his  purchase,  but  from  Paris 
he  sent  what  he  had  brought  with  him  to  the  Governor  of  South 
Carolina,  who  gave  a  dozen  grains  to  each  of  several  farmers.  Since 
that  time  South  Carolina  has  estabUshed  a  reputation  for  producing 
the  finest  rice  in  the  world. 


85 


."^ ^ 


PLATE  23 
The  Value  of  Little  Things 

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86 


CHAPTER  XII 

NAMES  OF  OUTLINES — TALKING  SHORTHAND 

Illustrated  by  Plate  24 

At  the  beginning  of  Chapter  V,  page  36,  it  is  shown  how  the 
forms  used  in  shorthand  may  be  represented  by  type  letters.  Phono- 
grapliic  outlines  can  also  be  presented  to  the  mind,  through  the  ear, 
by  naming  them  in  a  special  but  very  simple  manner.  It  will  be  of 
great  benefit  to  the  student  thoroughly  to  master  this  method  of 
talking  shorthand,  or  as  it  may  be  appropriately  called,  Stenology. 
By  becoming  familiar  with  it  the  study  of  the  word-signs  and  con- 
tractions is  made  much  easier,  and  great  assistance  is  often  gained 
in  deciphering  a  stenographic  form  which  may  not  be  at  first  recog- 
nized by  the  eye. 

All  the  special  forms  and  contractions  given  hereafter  in  the 
textbook  should  be  described  vocally  according  to  the  following  direc- 
tions after  Plates  24  and  its  keys  have  been  thoroughly  mastered. 

§  1.  A  stem  ■u'ithout  an  adjunct,  whether  alone  or  combined,  is  to 
be  called  by  its  name.  The  position  of  a  stem  or  outline  may  be 
expressed  by  adding  the  words  "first",  "second",  or  "third",  to 
its  name;  though  this  is  only  needful  in  a  few  cases  where  for  dis- 
tinction an  outline  is  written  out  of  the  position  of  its  accented  or 
most  prominent  vowel.  Name  the  stems  individually  on  Lines  1 
and  2,  Plate  24. 

§  2.  An  outline  formed  by  a  stem  with  initial  or  final  adjuncts  is 
named  by  uniting  the  sounds  of  the  stem  and  adjuncts  in  the  order 
in  which  they  should  be  read,  by  means  of  the  short  vowel  e;  but 
the  long  vowel  a  may  follow  the  Way-hook  when  the  stem  has  no 
final  adjunct.  The  Yay-hook  unites  closely  with  the  stem  and  sounds 
yoo.  When  the  2d  Shun-hook  follows  a  full-length  stem  the  short 
vowel  e  should  precede  the  sound  of  the  stem.  Analyze  and 
describe  aloud  lines  3,  4,  5. 

The  student  should  here  practice  writing  all  the  stems  with  the 
adjuncts  that  can  be  attached  to  them,  naming  aloud  the  combina- 
tions. 

§  3.  When  an  adjunct  that  is  used  as  final  occurs  between  stems, 
sound  it  with  the  preceding  stem.     Lines  6  and  7. 

§  4.  The  Stem  Ree  may  be  made  heavy  to  denote  RM,  and  may 
be  finally  hooked,  halved  and  circled  to  a  limited  extent.  A  vowel 
sign  following  heavy  Ree  sounds  after  the  "  M  ".  Write  "remain," 
Rmn.     Line  7. 

Examples, — Remnant,  remiss,  remove — RmV,  remission,  ramify. 

§  5.  Compress  the  sound  of  the  stem  with  its  adjuncts  as  much 
as  possible  into  a  single  syllable  or  into  two  very  short  ones.    Line  8. 


87 

§6.  Call  the  In-hook  in,  and  the  Ive-hook  iv.  The  stem  I  NO 
must  always  retain  its  initial  vowel  sound  though  combined  with 
an  adjun(!t.  CH  is  occasionally  used  for  T  in  difhcult  outlines. 
Well,  as  a  prefix  or  suffix,  should  be  written  Wl.  Name  the  Ed-tick, 
ed.     Lines  9  and  10. 

§  7.  Distinguish  the  stems  uR,  eT>,  and  eS,  from  Ree,  Lee,  and 
the  circle,  bv  i)ronouncing  them  with  a  preceding  vowel. 

The  2d  Shun-hook  starves  to  distinguish  some  words  which  are 
likely  to  conflict.     Lines  11  and  12. 

§  8.  Use  the  word  tick  before  the  name  of  a  stem  that  has  an 
initial  vowel  tick.    Always  retain  the  tick  on  the  words  upon  line  13. 

§  9.  Aspirate  the  sound  of  a  stem  that  has  a  Hay-tick  prefixed, 
except  where  the  name  of  a  combination  is  already  appropriated 
by  the  Hay  stem  and  an  adjunct;  in  such  cases  use  the  word  "Hay- 
tick"  to  denote  this  prefix.     Line  14. 

§  10.  Special  Words.  Distinguish  a  word  which  is  Hkely  to 
conflict  with  another  in  reading,  by  varying  the  form;  by  writing 
the  word  in  the  position  of  its  first  or  prominent  instead  of  its  ac- 
cented vowel,  or  by  always  vocalizing  one  of  the  pair  of  words. 
Some  short  words  should  always  be  vocalized.    Lines  15  and  16. 

In  a  few  cases  Lee  may  be  used  finally  when  no  vowel  follows; 
for  instance,  after  a  circle,  where  the  derivatives  of  the  word  require 
Lee,  or  where  an  outline  is  improved  by  the  upward  stem. 

The  eu  vowel-sign  may  be  used  instead  of  Yay  before  or  after  a 
stem,  and  turned  either  way.     Line  17. 


88 


Plate  24 

Stenotypy  and  Stenology 

1.  Chay-Kay — check,  Kay-Ree-Es — accuracy,  Yay-Lee-Jay — • 
eulogy,  Bee-En-Ish — banish,  Dee-Lee-Er-Em — -delirium,  Ef-Lee- 
Er — failure,  Jay-En-El — genial,  Dee-Gay-En-'Ei— dignify,  Lee-Jay- 
Kay — logic,  (Outlines  of  three  or  more  stems  may  be  written  with- 
out strict  regard  to  the  rule  of  position.) 

2.  Ree-Ef-Tee-Ree — reformatory,  Tee-Em-Ree-Ree — temporary, 
Tee-Lee-Er — tailor,  Jay-Ing-Tee — adjunct,  Tee-Ree-Tee-Rec — ter- 
ritory, Dee-Lee-Tee-Ree — dilatory,  Ree-Ree-Ef — rarify,  Ef-Ith- 
Thee — forthwith,  Em-Dee — mode,  Em-En-Jay — m,anage. 

3.  Pen,  Pee-in,  Peshn,  ePshn,  Pef,  Petter,  Pet,  Pent,  Pet-in,  Pes, 
Peses,  Pest,  Pester,  Peseses,  Pests,  Pets,  Penses,  Penst,  Pensters, 
Pen^s. 

4.  Pes-in,  Pesesh-ins,  Pens-ins,  Penter,  Penters,  seP,  steP,  sePt, 
stePt,  Per,  Pel,  sPer,  sPel,  Kwa,  Kwes,  Lee-Gu-Em — legume,  Lee- 
Kwa-En — Lackawanna. 

5.  Fen,  Feshn,  Fev,  Feter,  Fent,  Fet-in,  Fenter,  Fes,  Feses,  Fest, 
Fester,  Fets,  Feshns,  Fents,  Fests,  Festers,  Fesesh-in,  Fer,  Fel. 

6.  Kes-i2eshn — exertion,  Kes-/?eses — exercise,  Kes-Kershn-Est — 
excursionist,  Fren-Zet — frenzied,  Ges-Lee-Nes — ghastliness,  Hes- 
Tee-Let — hostility,  Est-Ree-Kel — historical,  Lent-Lets — landlords, 
hee-met-shns — limitations,  seT-Ree — satisfactory,  Tes-Tee-Ree — 
etcetera. 

7.  Neses-/21 — necessarily,  En-7?er — narrower,  Penter-s/jn — pene- 
tration, Pee-Ree-Ish — perish,  Pee-Ree-Es — pursue,  Per-Vel-Jet — 
privileged,  Pres-Ver-INGl — perseveringly,  Per-pes — perhaps.  Rem- 
in — remain,  iiem-Net — remained.  Rem  Neter — remainder,  Tend- 
Neses — tendencies. 

8.  Blenses — balances,  Kenses — concise  or  Kansas,  Per-hay-tick- 
neshn — apprehension,  Kert-Elt — curtailed,  in-sPert-Bel — insupporta- 
ble, sPrent-Net — superintend,  sLetst — slightest,  Tres-Pet — transport, 
steRt-Let — startled,  eRtst — artist,  eRtsK — -artistic,  Per-Plest — per- 
plexed ,  En-Ker-Kay-Lee — in  correctly . 

9.  in-sBret-s/m — insubordination,  in-Tet-iv — intuitive,  tick-Ree- 
Den-Nes — ordinance,  tick-/?et-Nons — ordnance,  in-72et-Net — inordi- 
nate, in-Em-/ies-Ef — unmercifully.  in-Ef-i2er-Tee — inferiority,  in- 
Ter-Met-Yet — intermediate,  in-sesTers — ancestors,  in-Vel-Bel — in- 
valuable, in-Hens — enhance,  in-in-Shee-Tet — uninitiated. 

10.  in-in-Ef-Met — uninformed,  in-Neter-Met-ed — unintermitted, 
in-Em-INGl-ed — unmingled,  in-Kes-eRn — unconcern,  Per-Pee-CHet 
— perpetuate,  Pcr-Pee-Tee-Lee — perpetually,We\-Bret — ivellbred,  Wel- 
Fer — welfare,  in- Wei-Kay — unwelcome,  in-Lee-iNGl — unwillingly. 

11.  RaX — roll,  uRl — carl,  Rer — roar,  Ren — -run,  uRn — earn,  Per- 
Pee-J?eshn — preparation,  Per-uRshn — proportion,  tick-Em-7yeshn — 
emulation,  tick-Em-eLshn — emulsion,  Met-uRn — modern,  Met-Ren 
— matron,  seN^sign,  eSen — assign. 

12.  scNs — sense,  eSens — essence,  seRt — sort,  eSert — assort,  sLet — 
slight,  eSelt — assault,  Der-eKshn — direction,  Des-eKshn — dissection. 


89 


PLATE  24 


rz_ 


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^.,...^ u^.r:^....4| idy'...nZ^.<^^^^ 

A....\..\...^.,  .\o.\..\) \...A...V.\...\3...\...^. ^.\ ^...>^    \    ^ ^.... 

,^....^ ^.\,\^.\  l..l..l....l^A^l...cr-.^ 

.5-,...L.  A:i  A^ V^  v...  ^  I    LAo kJ^  AoA^ ^  k.^ j^LL 

A.^.^.  -^  ^-r::.^.y^r....^. k.. ^ 

.7.....^.,:^,.\  .\<^A^.^^V        ^..z::zn:_ ls>... 

I  -^ \^.^.%.^ ^ Ijr "^ -^.. \^.^^.^=^.... 


^ 


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o.^'x 


/v"^ 


^■■ 


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//....<s<:. \ <^ ^ .)). vr. - .\^....!-r-/. ^ 

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1   - 1  ^ 

..^.^, ZA,^.J       -  -  -  ^ 


/^-..-.."I ::(.. Z! krra, J .^. .vrrr:::^, 


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i-j.^....<,^...fz{I.....^ ^y, ^Z^ Xl \^_^,......_S:^ 


90 

Des-Keshn — discussion,  Des-eKrshn — discursion,  Des-Kreshn — dese- 
cration, /2es-eKshn — resurrection,  Des-ePshn — deception,  Des-Peshn 
— dissipation. 

13.  Tick-Tee — commit  or  committee,  tick-Les — alas  or  else,  tick- 
Mens — immense,  tick-Mes — amuse,  tick-Dee — oivcd,  tick-Met — 
emit,  tick-Meshn-2d — omission,  tick-D-ed — added,  tick-Nel — annual, 
tick-Meter — immature  or  amateur,  tick-Chay-Ment — achievement,  M- 
Per-Ment — im-prorement,  tick-Shee — issue. 

14.  heP — heap  or  hip,  heM~ham,  heCH — hatch,  hay-tick-Er— 
hair  or  hire,  hay-tick-Lee — hull,  hay-tick-Tee — haughty,  hay-tick- 
En — honey,  heNG — hang,B.ent — hu7it,  Hens — he>^ce,  hePen — happen, 
heTHen — heathen,  hay-tick-Net — hand,  heSH — hash,  hush. 

15.  Bent— bond,  Bent-vocalized — band;  Pent — pint,  Pen-D — 
pou  nd;  Kres-Pent-Nes — correspondence,  Kres-Pen-Dents — corre- 
spondents; Kret-Lee  (disjoined) — accordingly,  Gret-Lee — gradually, 
Ker-Dee-Lee — cordially;  Ter-ZHer — treasure,  Tres-Ree — treasury; 
Way-Kay-Dee — wicked,  Way-Kay — weak;  tick  Leshn-lst — allusion, 
tick-Leshn — illusion. 

16.  Pres-Net — preserit,  Pres-dot — pressing;  Dee-Pent-Net — 
dependent,  Dee-Pent-dot — depending;  Gret-Ef — gratify,  Em-Ret-Ef 
— mortify,  Der-Jay-Ree — drudgery,  Ter-Cher— treachery;  Felter- 
WG^altering,  Fel-Ter-dot— flattering-  Per-Pes— propose,  Pee-Ree- 
Pes — purpose,  Per-Dee — proud  (vocalized  to  distinguish  from  broad), 
Lee- vocalized — low. 

17.  Thee-Der-Lee — ivithdrawal,  Em-Lee — 7nail,  seM-Lee — small, 
Ker-Lee — cruel-ly ;  Yes-Ree-Peshns — usurpations,  eu-Tes-Lee — uten- 
sil, eu-Ef-En — euphony,  Vee-N-eu — avenue,  eu-Bee-Kay-Tee — ubi- 
quity. 


WHY  THE  EVERGREEN  TREES  NEVER  LOSE  THEIR  LEAVES 

Winter  was  approaching  and  all  of  the  birds  had  flown  south 
except  one  little  swallow  with  a  broken  wing,  who  made  her  way  to 
the  forest  and  asked  for  shelter  until  springtime. 

The  Maple,  with  her  scarlet  coloring,  replied  that  it  had  been  her 
custom  to  assist  only  her  acquaintances.  An  immense  Hickory 
said  he  had  no  room,  and  that  after  his  wants  were  provided  for 
the  remainder  of  his  nuts  were  promised  to  others.  The  sturdy 
Oak  could  not  spare  a  single  acorn;  the  Beech,  with  a  degree  of  polite- 
ness, said  she  was  extremely  sorry  but  had  only  enough  for  herself; 
and  the  Willow  did  not  care  to  talk  with  strangers. 

The  wounded  bird  was  discouraged,  but  a  friendly  Spruce  Saw 
the  whole  situation  in  an  instant  and  invited  her  to  make  a  home 
on  its  warmest  branch.  Immediately  a  tall  Pine  said  that  he  would 
gladly  protect  her.  A  beautiful  Larch  at  once  offered  to  share  his 
mansion,  a  Juniper  tree,  some  berries,  and  a  Hemlock  told  her  that 
among  them  all  she  would  not  starve. 

That  night  the  cold  North  Wind  came  blustering  furiously  through 
the  forest,  eager  to  nip  every  leaf.  "No!"  said  the  Frost  King, 
"all  the  trees  that  have  been  kind  to  a  homeless  swallow  may  keep 
their  leaves." 


-0 


01 


PLATE  25 
Why  the  Evergreen  Trees  Never  Lose  Their  Leaves 

-."^  ^ 1 ^ ^ % I ^ '^ 

-* (     ^ V. " ^ ^ ^-^ 


• ^  r  V- ' 


, '^^ ( t^-- 

^^ ^^ ^ ' I J ^-^) '^■^•••^- 

^  :.^ ^,  '  '^ '1^ :>  v-X  .  -^ ^- 


w^ - ' '^ ^^-^-^ '^ ^-^ 

■,  ^^  (  }"■' >'^ ^ ^' ^ - ^ 

V  I r  :  f : N   ^-^^ :  v^ ^ 

^ h^r-r" ^ f ' ^-- 

A    n 

s^.* 


^'^ 

v^  ^ : ^ 


A i-rT... 


< 


..( 1 


i 


t 


^ ^     A,' -'     f ^■ 


.^T^r-H '.\ 


t 


-y 


'V 


92 


CHAPTER  XIII 

ORDER  OF  PRINCIPLES — SPECIAL  FORMS 

Illustrated  by  Various  Word-lists 

§  1.  Order  of  Principles.  The  ease  and  correctness  of  a  stu- 
dent's reading,  as  well  as  the  facility  and  accuracy  of  the  writing, 
will  largely  depend  on  a  perfect  understanding  and  ready  appre- 
hension of  the  following  order  of  reading  the  phonographic  signs, 
which  is  never  changed: 

1.  In-hook.  7.  Final  hooks:  N,  1st  Shun,  F,  or  V. 

2.  Circle  or  loop.  8.  Halving  or  lengthening. 

3.  Vowel.  9.  In,  Ive,  or  2d  Shun-hook. 

4.  Stem.  10.  Circle  or  loop. 

5.  Initial  hook.  11.  In-hook. 

6.  Vowel.  12.  Circle. 

No  one  outline  will  contain  all  these  signs;  but  whether  more 
or  less  are  used,  they  must  follow  in  the  order  above  given.  The 
outline  for  the  word  unscrew  will  contain  the  1st,  2d,  4th,  5th  and 
6th.  That  for  splints,  the  2d,  4th,  5th,  6th,  7th,  8th,  and  10th. 
That  for  prisons,  the  4th,  5th,  6th,  10th,  11th,  and  12th.  It  is  good 
practice  for  students  thus  to  resolve  complex  outlines  into  their 
elementary  principles  until  this  order  is  well  understood. 

In  special  vocalization,  the  vowel  sign  (No.  6)  sounds  between 
the  stem  and  the  initial  hook. 

The  1st  Shun-hook  sounds  after  the  lengthening. 

§  2.  Special  Forms.  To  secure  distinct  outlines,  and  such  as 
can  be  easily  made,  it  is  sometimes  needful  to  waive  the  strict 
application  of  a  rule.  Although  the  rules  of  Phonetic  Stenography 
should  not  be  deviated  from  beyond  the  express  permissions  given, 
the  outlines  resulting  from  even  a  strict  application  of  rules  will 
often  vary;  and  while  short  words  usually  have  their  forms  definitely 
fixed  by  the  rules,  a  large  number  of  longer  words  have  no  particular 
form,  either  full  or  contracted,  which  is  to  be  regarded  as  absolutely 
correct  to  the  exclusion  of  all  others.  In  selecting  forms,  attention 
should  be  paid,  first,  to  dcfiniteness,  second,  to  ease  or  facility,  and 
third,  to  susceptibility  of  contraction  into  an  abbreviated  outline 
that  is  capable  of  being  made  full  by  simple  continuation,  when 
it  is  desirable  to  increase  the  legibility  of  the  notes.  Vocalize  un- 
common short  words. 


PART  III 


94 


CHAPTER  XIV 

THE   ART  OF   PHRASING 

Illustrated  by  Plates  34  and  35 

Phrase-writing  is  the  grouping  or  combining  of  word-forms  in 
one  outline.  When  judiciously  used  it  is  an  aid  in  reading,  distin- 
guishing the  words  so  grouped  as  having  a  close  grammatical  relation 
without  break  or  pause.  The  regular  or  usual  phrase  forms,  in  most 
cases,  have  distinctive  outlines  and  therefore  are  readily  recognized 
from  single  word-forms. 

Rule:  The  first  ivord  of  a  phrase  must  be  written  in  its  proper 
position,  except  that  the  signs  for  /,  in,  and,  and  how  take  the  posi- 
tion of  the  word  to  which  they  are  attached. 

Two  or  more  words  are  united  when  their  forms  naturally  run 
together,  making  a  clear  legible  outline,  and  the  words  themselves 
are  in  close  grammatical  relation.    See  line  1. 

Phrasing  not  only  implies  the  joining  of  word-signs  and  full  out- 
lines, but  also  the  representation  of  a  number  of  short  and  frequent]}^ 
recurring  words  by  the  circles,  loops,  hooks,  halving,  and  lengthening 
in  connection  with  the  stem. 

In  some  special  phrases  the  consonants  of  several  successive  words 
are  represented  as  they  would  be  if  the  phrase  were  but  one  word. 

In  all  phrase  outhnes  strict  regard  must  be  had  to  the  order  in 
which  the  various  powers  follow  each  other,  as  shown  in  Chapter 
XIII. 

The  adjunctive  signs  are  used  to  express  words  as  follows: 

Tick  and  Half-circle  Signs.  The  slanting  tick  for  the  may 
be  attached  finally  to  any  stem  or  hook  when  the  angle  of  junction 
can  be  n>ade  sufficiently  acute. 

The  tick  signs  for  a  and  the  may  be  used  in  the  middle  of  a  few 
phrase  outlines  where  one  will  not  make  sense  in  the  place  of  the 
other.  The  tick  for  a  is  not  attached  initially,  except  in  a  few  fre- 
quently recurring  phrases.     Line  2. 

The  straight  tick  made  heavy  denotes  /,  and  may  be  used  standing 
alone  for  /,  if  made  perpendicular.  The  tick  for  I  may  be  attached 
before  a  circle  followed  by  a  stem  only  in  a  few  cases,  lest  it  be 
mistaken  for  the  In-hook.    Line  3. 

The  eu  vowel-sign  for  you  may  be  used  instead  of  Yay  before  or 
after  a  stem,  and  turned  cither  way.    Line  3. 

The  ticks  for  all  and  who  can  be  joined  initially  if  kept  in  position. 
Line  4. 

The  sign  for  of  should  be  phrased  only  when  its  uprightness  will 
Ijlainly  distinguish  it.     Line  4. 

The  half-circle  for  on  is  joined  only  in  a  few  phrases,  because  that 
for  in  accommodates  itself  to  the  position  of  the  second  word.    Line  5. 


95 

Final  Hooks.  The  N-hook  has  the  word  power  of  an,  and, 
than,  and  been. 

The  In-hook  has  the  power  of  an,  and,  than,  own,  one,  not;  also 
done  after  he. 

Halving  and  the  N-hook  may  be  used  to  express  not.  It  is  well, 
however,  to  use  a  different  outline  for  the  full  and  contracted  modes 
of  speech.  Write  didn't — Dnt,  ivoiddttt — Wnt,  shouldn't — SHnt, 
couldn't — Knt;  while  the  not  when  pronounced  separately  should 
be  denoted  by  the  In-hook,  or  by  Nt.  After  a  circle,  write  not,  Nt. 
Lines  6,  7,  8,  9. 

The  F-,  Vce-,  or  Ive-hooks  represent  have  or  of;  the  latter  being 
used  after  half-length  and  full-length  stems.  After  a  circle  or  hook 
of  is  repr(>sentcd  by  the  \'ec  stem.    Lines  8  and  9. 

The  Ter-hook  may  express  their  or  there,  and  in  a  few  special  cases, 
other. 

The  1st  Shun-hook  has  no  word  power,  but  the  2d  Shun-hook  is 
used  for  their  when  there  is  no  other  way  of  adding  that  word,  as 
after  ticks  and  half-length  stems.    Line  9. 

Halving  and  Lengthening.  For  the  purpose  of  phrasing,  any 
stem  or  word-sign  may  be  halved  to  add  it  or  to,  though  to  is  usually 
indicated  by  proximity.  The  words  of,  on,  in,  if,  may  be  phrased 
witli  it  by  writing  the  .stem  signs  for  their  consonant  sounds  half- 
length  and  prefixing  the  initial  vowel  tick. 

The  halving  principle  maj'  be  used  to  express  the  when  that  word 
could  not  be  omitted  without  its  absence  being  detected,  as  for 
the  sake  of. 

The  stems  representing  pronouns  may  be  halved  to  add  would 
or  had.     Line  10. 

The  lengthening  of  a  curved  stem,  or  a  straight  stem  finally 
hooked,  adds  tJieir  or  there.  In  a  very  few  instances  it  may  denote 
other;  but  the  facility  with  which  Zr  is  joined,  renders  it  unneces- 
sary to  use  the  lengthening  principle  for  other. 

The  words  that,  let,  yet,  would,  shoidd,  as  well  as  on,  of,  in,  if, 
when  followed  by  their,  are  best  denoted  by  doubling  the  length 
of  the  stem  denoting  their  first  consonant  sound,  omitting  the 
representation  of  /  or  d,  but  retaining  the  initial  tick  if  the  word 
begins  ivith  a  vowel.    Line  11. 

Circles  and  Loops.  The  small  circle  is  used  either  initially  or 
finally  to  denote  a.s,  has,  is  or  his;  also  us,  where  neither  of  the  pre- 
cetUng  words  would  make  sense.     Line  12. 

As,  has,  is,  or  his  may  l)e  added  to  a  word  which  begins  or  ends  with 
a  small  circle  by  using  the  large  circle  instead,  and  be  added  to  words 
terminating  with  a  loop  by  writing  a  small  circle  on  the  back  of  the 
stem. 

An  added  it  or  the  is  shown  by  changing  a  final  circle  into  a  small 
loop. 

There  is  added  to  words  ending  with  the  small  circle,  and  occa- 
sionally with  the  small  loop,  by  making  the  large  loop  instead  of  the 
circle.     Lines  12,  13,  14. 

Circles  and  loops  are  also  used  independently  of  the  stems  to 
denote  phrases.  These  characters  stand  for  the  consonant  elements 
contained  in  the  phrases,  viz.,  s  s,  s  t,  s  th  r,  which  are  the  same 


96 

sounds  denoted  by  the  circles  and  loops  when  attached  to  stems, 
only  that  in  the  independent  large  loop,  thr  is  substituted  for  tr. 

These  phrase  signs  are  always  written  above  the  line  when  the 
phrase  brings  with  as  or  has,  and  below,  if  it  begins  with  is  or  his. 
Line  15.^-  '.v.--  ■ 

Initial  Hooks.    The  R-hook  has  the  power  of  or,  our,  or  are. 

The  L-hook  has  the  power  of  all  or  will.    Lines  16,  17,  18. 

The  Way-hook  has  the  power  of  we  or  way. 

The  Yay-hook  has  the  power  of  you.    Lines  19  and  20. 

Change  of  Form.  The  usual  or  regular  form  of  a  word  is  some- 
times varied  in  order  to  phrase  it  more  readily,  or  to  form  deriva- 
tives or  compound  words.  For  instance,  school  may  be  written 
sKl  or  sKL.  Words  beginning  with  the  loop  for  st,  are  allowed  to 
commence  with  sT.  Or  may  be  denoted  by  R,  R,  or  the  R-hook. 
Line  21. 

Omission  of  Words.  Proximity,  that  is,  the  writing  of  words 
very  near  or  overlapping  each  other,  is  used  to  denote  the  omission, 
of  lo  or  of  the,  as  well  as  the  syllables  con  or  co7n. 

A  small  detached  tick  struck  in  the  direction  of  Chay  at  the  end 
of  an  outline  indicates  to  the. 

In  place  of  the  dot  for  ing,  represent  ing-the  by  a  detached  tick 
struck  in  the  direction  of  Pee. 

When  to  begins  a  line  or  sentence,  it  may  be  indicated  by  writing 
the  next  word  entirely  below  the  line,  provided  the  outline  begins 
with  a  full-length  upright  or  inclined  stem.    Line  22. 

Write  to  before  a  word  beginning  with  con  or  com,  and  express  the 
con  by  proximity. 

From,  in  connection  with  to,  as  from  day  to  day,  is  often  denoted 
by  writing  the  repeated  words  close  together.  When  a  comparative 
adjective  is  repeated,  the  first  outline  may  be  abbreviated.    Line  22. 

In  some  special  cases,  all  expression  of  an  unimportant  word  is 
dispensed  with;  and  in  others,  the  second  word  takes  position 
instead  of  the  first.      Line  23. 

Figures  are  usually  best  for  the  expression  of  numbers.  One, 
six,  and  seven  should  be  written  in  shorthand  to  avoitl  conflict  with 
ivhich,  those,  and  each.  The  ordinary  figures  may  be  used  to  denote 
both  cardinal  and  ordinal  numbers.  For  round  himdreds,  write 
the  figure,  followed  by  hNd;  for  thousands,  add  Til,  or  THsNd; 
for  milhons.  Ml. 

When  a  word  consists  of  vowels  alone,  it  is  necessary  to  use 
what  is  called  the  "nominal  stem,"  in  order  to  determine  the  proper 
.sounds.  This  consists  of  a  T  stem  cancelled  by  a  short  line  through 
it.    Example:  the  word  "£'-a/?,"  the  name  of  an  Irish  family. 

A  foreign  consonant  may  be  approximately  denoted  by  writing 
the  character  for  the  English  sound  whicli  it  most  nearly  resembles, 
and  drawing  a  small  waved  lin(>  through  or  near  the  charac^ter.  The 
nasal  sounds  of  the  French  vowels  may  be  denoted  in  the  same  way. 

Pauses,  Quotations,  etc.  The  reporter's  period  is  a  very  long 
Ree.  Two  of  these,  or  two  short  dashes,  one  under  the  other,  denotes 
a  paragraph.  Shorter  pauses  cannot  be  well  indicated  when  taking 
notes  rapidly,  but  they  must  be  inserted  in  the  longhand  transcrip- 


97 

tion  according  to  the  memory  and  judgment  of  the  writer.  It  is 
well  in  reporting  to  leave  a  space,  say  half  an  inch,  at  every  fall  of 
the  speaker's  voice.  A  break  in  the  sentence,  or  a  sudden  termina- 
tion which  leaves  the  sense  incomplete,  may  be  incUcated  by  the 
stem  G  crossed  by  CH.  If  sonic  word  or  words  are  missed  in  the 
note-taking,  which  are  inii)ortant  to  the  sense  and  must  be  supplied 
in  the  transcription,  the  omission  should  be  indicated  by  a  large 
caret,  and  leaving  more  or  less  space.  Interruptions,  such  as  cheers, 
applause,  cries  of  go  on!  can  be  indicated  by  writing  the  word  or 
words  in  shorthancl  and  running  the  pencil  around  them  in  a  circle 
or  ellipse.  (Quotations,  or  a  passage  requiring  special  attention, 
should  be  marked  by  a  line  down  the  margin  to  the  left  of  the  pa^e. 

Context.  The  shorthand  writer  often  has  to  depend  considerably 
on  memory,  on  knowledge  of  the  subject  or  case  to  which  the 
notes  refer,  and  on  the  context — that  is,  on  the  sense  made  by  the 
connection  of  a  doubtful  word  with  the  words  which  immediately 
precede  or  follow  it — for  correct  and  fluent  reading  of  his  notes. 
Therefore,  to  guard  against  illegibility,  the  excessive  use  of  contracted 
forms  should  be  avoided,  and  phrase  writing  should  be  employed 
with  caution  and  judgment.  In  the  ability  to  read  contracted 
writing  a  difference  will  be  found  between  individuals,  depending 
upon  the  education,  the  mental  constitution,  as  well  as  the  thought 
and  liand  movement  of  the  writer.  It  is,  however,  well  understood 
and  acknowledged  by  stenographic  experts  that  swift  writing  de- 
pends much  less  on  the  brevity  of  the  characters  used,  than  on  the 
quiclaiess  of  thought  and  hand  derived  from  daily  practice- 


Key  to  Plate  34 

1.  It  will  be,  by  the,  shall  have  the,  for  which,  with  me,  may  have, 
we  shall,  so  much,  must  be,  must  have,  from  this. 

2.  By  such,  with  such,  no  such,  under  such,  by  that  time,  by  the 
by,  many  a  man,  and  they  or  and  though,  a  long  time  ago. 

3.  And  as  a,  and  is  the,  I  will,  1  am  sorry,  I  enclose,  I  suppose  it 
is,  you  have,  you  can  give,  would  you,  did  you,  are  you,  will  you  have 
the. 

4.  Will  you  please,  all  that,  who  is  that,  of  all,  of  these,  of  his 
own,  of  our,  of  your,  if  your,  of  course,  of  this,  of  them. 

5.  In  addition,  in  respect,  in  advance,  in  reply,  on  his  own  account, 
on  account  of,  on  the  one  hand,  on  the  other  hand,  on  the  contrary. 

6.  I  cannot,  can't  be,  could  not,  couldn't,  did  not,  didn't,  I  do 
not,  may  not  be,  should  not  be  done,  shall  be  done,  shall  have  been, 
are  not,  isn't. 

7.  Had  been,  had  not,  have  been,  haven't  been,  have  not  been, 
no  one  else,  any  one  else,  no  less  than,  time  and  again,  now  and  then. 

8.  Her  own,  were  not,  our  own,  in  your  own,  in  my  own,  in  which, 
in  each,  each  one,  in  connection  with  the,  in  excess  of  the,  point 
of  view. 

9.  Which  have  been,  which  have  not,  who  have,  would  have, 
we  have  been,  they  have  not,  at  their,  to  their,  what  their,  each  other, 
by  their,  but  their,  and  there,  rather  than,  better  than. 

10.  Of  it,  in  its,  on  its,  with  its,  from  its,  as  to  the,  is  to  the,  for 
the  sake  of,  for  the  most  part,  cause  of  it,  they  would  have,  it  would, 
which  would  be  done. 

11.  Of  their  own,  if  there,  on  their,  in  their  own,  upon  their, 
then  and  there,  have  you  been  there,  that  there,  some  other,  should 
their,  would  their. 

12.  This  is,  that  which  is,  it  is  not,  it  is  a,  it  is  the,  it  is  as  or  it 
is  his,  it  is  their  own,  what  is  it  or  what  is  the,  what  is  their,  at  first, 
does  not,  let  us,  against  us  or  against  his,  amongst  their. 

13.  Was  it  or  was  the,  was  there,  was  not,  as  we,  is  your,  as  they 
or  as  though,  as  well  as,  as  long  as,  as  fast  as,  as  great  as,  as  good 
as,  is  not. 

14.  As  soon  as  it  or  as  soon  as  the,  just  as  soon  as  possible,  as  such, 
such  as  has  been,  has  been,  has  been  there,  as  early  as  possible,  as 
much  as  possible,  as  much  more,  as  was,  as  near  as  you  can. 

15.  As  is  or  as  his,  is  as  or  is  his,  his  has  or  his  is,  as  it  or  as  the,  is 
it  or  is  the,  has  it  as,  as  it  is,  is  it  as,  as  there,  is  there,  as  there  is, 
is  there  as,  as  it  has  not  been  there,  has  there  been. 

16.  By  our  own,  at  our  own,  which  are  of  the,  which  are  of  it,  care 
of  it,  one  or  two,  one  or  more,  one  or  the  other,  two  or  three,  we  are 
not,  which  are  not,  only  one. 

17.  On  our  own  account,  in  our  own,  in  order  that  the,  that  on 
or  about  the,  on  or  before  the,  not  on  all,  not  only,  not  in  all,  in  all 
cases. 


<)() 


PLATE  34 


B.  0.  B\KER 
OALLA^,  TO- 


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100 


Key  to  Plate  35 

18.  At  all,  at  all  times,  at  length,  by  all  means,  at  last,  at  least, 
on  all,  with  all,  they  will  proceed,  for  all  that,  we  will  go  there. 

19.  It  was,  what  was  said,  which  was  not,  at  once,  where  was 
that,  what  was  it  or  what  was  the,  what  was  there,  that  it  was  not 
as  it  was,  by  way  of,  are  we  responsible. 

20.  Are  you  sure,  can  you  say,  do  you  know,  what  you  remember, 
which  you  recollect,  had  you  not,  had  we  not,  which  we  allow, 
whether  or  not. 

21.  Public  schools,  training  schools,  stockholder,  chairman  of 
the  executive  committee,  board  of  education,  post  mortem  examina- 
tion, since  that  time,  a  large  number  of. 

22.  To  be  sure,  part  of  the  principles,  date  of  the  year,  in  reference 
to  that,  from  day  to  day,  from  year  to  year,  from  hour  to  hour, 
from  week  to  week. 

23.  Later  and  later,  shorter  and  shorter,  faster  and  faster,  more 
and  more,  more  or  less,  greater  and  greater,  better  and  better,  Act 
of  Congress,  House  of  Representatives. 

f  24.  Under  separate  cover,  as  far  as  possible,  over  and  over,  day 
after  day,  later  on,  later  than,  inconsequence,  in  consideration, 
in  such,  numbers,  in  such  a. 

25.  In  relation,  in  every  respect,  in  other  words,  in  accordance, 
matter  of  fact,  at  the  same  time,  at  the  rate  of,  at  any  rate. 

26.  Which  has  been,  must  have  been,  some  time  ago,  from  time 
to  time,  in  an  instant,  for  instance,  for  some  reason,  for  some  years. 

27.  Any  other,  any  more  than,  far  more,  farther  than,  a  great 
deal  of,  a  good  deal  of,  stronger  than,  real  estate,  railroad  company. 

28.  Capital  stock,  preferred  stock,  common  stock,  income  bonds, 
account  current,  district  superintendent,  district  court,  supreme 
court. 

29.  Bill  of  lading,  per  annum,  free  on  board,  free  of  charge.  United 
States  of  America,  United  States  Army,  this  city,  this  state,  this 
is  of  the  utmost  importance. 

30.  County  and  city  of  New  York,  city  and  county  of  New  York, 
being  duly  sworn,  testifies  as  follows,  where  do  you  reside,  my  very 
best  recollection,  yes  sir,  no  sir. 

31.  Dear  Sir,  Dear  Madam,  Dear  Doctor,  My  dear  Sir,  My  dear 
Madam,   we  shall  be  glad,  we  must  request. 

32.  We  have  not  heard,  we  enclose  herewith,  which  we  have 
received,  we  are  sorry,  we  are  in  receipt  of  your  letter,  3'our  letter 
received.     (Sp.  form  for  "your  letter".) 

33.  Yours  truly,  j^ours  very  truly,  I  am  very  truly  yours,  I  remain 
yours  very  truly,  1  remain  very  truly  yours,  considering  the,  deliver 
to  the. 

34.  One  per  cent,  three  per  cent,  Monday  evening,  Monday 
morning,  Friday  afternoon,  what  is  required,  lowest  possible  cost, 
principal  and  interest. 


101 


It. 

2J 


PLATE  35 


^■4 } I ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^•--•- 


\^-'^-'^ ^ ^^ ^ (p- <f 4=^=^^ 

■■=^ ^^4^ k,^^'^^- 


3...._^..._. 


A±. 


Vt:-n3--tc:t^-^ 


102 


ADDRESS  DELIVERED   BY  ABRAHAM   LINCOLN 
AT  THE  DEDICATION  OF  THE  NATIONAL  CEMETERY,  NOVEMBER  19,  1863 

Judge  Usher,  during  p,  lecture  at  Chicago,  gave  the  history  of  this  short  and  simple 
prose-poem  which  is  immortal  and  has  been  compared  to  the  Sermon  on  the  Mount. 
He  said:  "The  President  was  expected,  of  course,  to  say  something  on  the  occasion, 
though  Everett  was  the  orator  of  the  day  and  would  dehver  the  address.  Mr. 
Lincoln  was  so  hurried  by  business  in  Washington  that  he  had  no  time  to  write 
out  any  notes.  So,  on  the  cars,  he  wrote  the  words  of  which  Everett  said:  'I 
would  rather  be  the  author  of  those  twenty  lines  than  to  have  all  the  fame  my 
oration  today  will  give  me!'  " 

Fourscore  and  seven  years  ago  our  fathers  brought  forth  on  this 
continent  a  new  nation  conceived  in  liberty  and  dedicated  to  the 
proposition  that  all  men  are  created  equal.  Now  we  are  engaged 
in  a  great  civil  war,  testing  whether  that  nation,  or  any  nation  so 
conceived  and  so  dedicated,  can  long  endure.  We  are  met  on  a  great 
battlefield  of  that  war.  We  have  come  to  dedicate  a  portion  of  that 
field  as  a  final  resting  place  for  those  who  here  gave  their  lives  that 
that  nation  might  live.  It  is  altogether  fitting  and  proper  that  we 
should  do  this.  But,  in  a  larger  sense,  we  cannot  dedicate,  we  cannot 
consecrate,  we  cannot  hallow  this  ground.  The  brave  men,  living  and 
dead,  who  struggled  here,  have  consecrated  it  far  above  our  poor 
power  to  add  or  to  detract.  The  world  will  little  note  nor  long 
remember  what  we  say  here,  but  it  can  never  forget  what  they  did 
here.  It  is  for  us  the  living,  rather,  to  be  dedicated  here  to  the 
unfinished  work  which  they  who  fought  here  have  thus  far  so  nobly 
advanced.  It  is  rather  for  us  to  be  here  dedicated  to  the  great  task 
remaining  before  us ;  that  from  these  honored  dead  we  take  increased 
devotion  to  that  cause  for  which  they  gave  the  last  full  measure  of 
devotion;  that  we  here  highly  resolve  that  these  dead  shall  not  have 
died  in  vain;  that  this  nation,  under  God,  shall  have  a  new  birth 
of  freedom,  and  that  government  of  the  people,  by  the  people,  for 
the  people,  shall  not  perish  from  the  earth. 


103 


PLATE  26 

Gettysburg  Address 

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104 


Key  to  Plate  27 

Washington,  D.  C,  July  16th,  1898. 
Sir: 

The  President  of  the  United  States  sends  to  you  and  your  brave 
army  the  profound  thanks  of  the  American  people  for  the  brilliant 
achievements  at  Santiago,  resulting  in  the  surrender  of  the  city  and 
all  of  the  Spanish  troops  and  territory  under  General  Torol. 

Your  splendid  command  has  endured  not  only  the  hardships  and 
sacrifices  incident  to  campaign  and  battle,  but  in  stress  of  heat  and 
weather  has  triumphed  over  obstacles  which  would  have  overcome 
men  less  brave  and  determined.  One  and  all  have  displayed  the  most 
conspicuous  gallantry,  and  earned  the  gratitude  of  the  nation.  The 
hearts  of  the  people  turn  with  tender  sympathy  to  the  sick  and 
wounded.    May  the  Father  of  Mercies  protect  and  comfort  them. 

William  McKinley. 

To  General  Shafter, 

Commanding  Front, 

Near  Santiago. 


My  dear  Miss  Brown: 

It  is  with  great  pleasure  and  pride  that  I  reappoint  you  Chairman 
on  Finance,  knowing  that  your  work  will  go  forward  during  the  com- 
ing year  on  the  same  high  plane  and  with  the  same  zeal  that  marked 
it  in  the  year  just  passed. 

Will  you  come  to  the  Executive  Board  Meeting  on  the  16th, 
prepared  to  submit  a  tentative  budget  for  the  coming  year's  work 
of  your  department,  if  it  entails  any  expenditure. 

May  I  take  this  opportunity  of  expressing  my  deep  appreciation 
of  your  personal  loyalty  and  helpfulness  to  me,  as  well  as  of  your 
efficient  service  to  the  New  York  Section  of  the  International 
Council  of  Women. 

Faithfully  yours, 

President. 


lOo 


PLATE  27 

_ J:^_^_ 

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Zo 


lOG 


Key  to  Plate  28 

Dear  Sir: 

Our  new  "American  History  and  Government"  prepares  pupils  for 
good  citizenship.  History  and  government  are  developed  together 
and  therefore  should  be  taught  together.  This  new  book  for  the 
seventh  year  welds  these  two  subjects  into  a  unit  and  places  con- 
stantly before  the  student  forcible  ideas  of  sane  and  healthy  patriot- 
ism. 

The  causes  and  results  and  principal  campaigns  of  the  wars  have 
been  fully  treated,  but  confusing  details  have  been  omitted.  Na- 
tional development  and  industrial  history  are  features  of  several 
chapters.  All  the  subject  matter  is  logically  organized  and  the  style 
is  clear,  definite,  direct,  and  exceedingly  interesting  to  children. 
It  has  been  the  aim  of  the  authors  to  hold  to  the  larger  themes,  to 
explain  and  emphasize  the  permanent  and  significant  movements, 
and  to  omit  the  irrelevant  unimportant,  and  disconnected  happen- 
ings. 

Yours  very  truly, 


Dear  Madam: 

The  Permanent  Census  Board,  consisting  of  the  Mayor,  the 
Police  Commissioner,  and  the  City  Superintendent  of  Schools,  has 
announced  that  all  census  cards  must  be  sent  in  by  February  1st. 
Please  return  the  enclosed  postal  card  stating  whether  or  not  your 
cards  are  ready;  and  if  not,  please  give  exact  date  when  they  will 
be,  so  that  the  United  District  Messenger  Company  may  call  for 
them  as  soon  as  possible. 

Very  truly  yours, 


107 


PLATE  28 


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108 


Key  to  Plate  29 

Gotham  Trust  Company 
12  Astor  Place, 
New  York  City. 

Re  Gotham  Trust  Company  vs.  Dodge  Machine  Company 
Gentlemen: 

In  reply  to  your  inquiry  concerning  the  present  standing  of  the 
note  in  the  above  entitled  action,  upon  which  there  is  due  a  balance 
of  .'§6,000,  we  beg  to  advise  you  that  a  summons  and  complaint  has 
been  served  upon  this  company  and  all  of  the  endorsers  of  the  note, 
and  we  are  now  in  a  position  to  enter  judgment  at  once. 

After  service  of  the  papers,  the  note  was  reduced  and  since  that 
time  we  have  been  in  constant  communication  with  Mr.  Price,  who 
has  assumed  responsibility  for  its  payment  and  who  has  satisfied 
us  that  he  will  receive  a  payment  of  about  .S2,000  very  shortly, 
upon  a  contract  for  work  completed  in  Princeton.  We  are  using 
our  very  best  efforts  to  procure  immediate  examination  and  approval 
of  this  work  by  the  Building  Department,  so  that  the  payment 
may  be  hurried. 

We  have  heard  through  responsible  attorneys  in  Ridgewood  that 
action  was  instituted  against  the  Metropolitan  Company,  one  of 
the  endorsers  of  the  note  in  the  State  of  New  Jersey,  and  attachment 
placed  with  the  sheriff  of  Hudson  County,  so  as  to  insure  payment 
of  any  judgment  which  might  be  recovered  against  the  Company 
out  of  certain  equipment  i,n  New  Jersey.  This  is  more  than  ample 
to  cover  the  indebtedness,  and  we  can  find  a  market  for  it  in  order 
to  satisfy  the  note  with  interest. 

Yours  very  truly, 


100 


—^■■- 


PLATE  29 

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v:. 


110 


Key  to  Plate  30 

Miss  Elizabeth  Nelson, 

6  Lexington  Avenue, 
New  York  City. 

Nelsoti  vs.  Nelson 
My  dear  Miss  Nelson: 

I  have  3'our  letter  of  the  first  instant  enclosing  notice  from  Middle- 
ton  &  Barton  relative  to  interest  on  87  Madison  Avenue,  due  June 
first.  I  am  writing  to  Mr.  Tomkins  to-day  to  inquire  what  net  bal- 
ance he  has  on  hand,  so  that  we  may  arrange  to  have  it  applied 
toward  this  interest. 

With  respect  to  your  brother's  administration  of  your  mother's 
estate,  that  is  a  matter  which,  during  a  period  of  at  least  one  year, 
is  entirely  in  his  own  hands.  When  he  comes  to  account,  we  may  then 
raise  whatever  objection  we  believe  to  be  justified,  but  in  the  mean- 
time he  is  his  own  judge  of  what  constitutes  a  proper  administration 
of  the  estate. 

However,  I  shall  immediately  call  Mr.  Grant's  attention  to  the 
fact  that  storage  charges  are  accruing  on  the  furniture  and  we 
insist  on  immediate  sale,  so  that  we  may  put  ourselves  on  record 
as  objecting  to  any  delay. 

As  to  Patterson's  note,  the  administrator  may  or  may  not  extend 
the  time  to  pay  this,  as  he  sees  fit.  I  hope  that  it  is  extended  right 
up  to  the  time  of  the  trial,  for  that  would  make  a  real  impression 
upon  a  jury.  At  any  rate,  Mr.  White  has  his  recourse  if  his  bill 
is  not  paid. 

Yours  very  truly, 


Ill 


^ ^ 


SL^ 


PLATE  30 

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112 


Key  to  Plate  31 


Henry  Warren,  being  duly  sworn,  testifies  as  follows: 
Direct  examination  by  Mr.  Hawkins. 


Do  you  reside  in  the  City  of  New  York? 

No,  I  reside  in  Brooklyn. 

Did  you  ever  borrow  $50,000  from  Langdon  & 
Church  on  the  bark  OUver  Cutts? 

No,  sir,  never. 

Did  they  ever  give  you  any  deed  for  her?^ 

There  were  some  papers  passed. 

Do  you  recall  the  circumstances  in  connection 
with  the  affair? 

Yes,  sir.  Mr.  Landgon  called  on  me  and  said  they 
had  a  vessel  they  wanted  to  put  under  the  British 
flag  during  the  war,  through  me,  as  I  was  a  British 
subject.    I  told  them  I  had  no  objection  whatever. 

Was  it  a  mere  matter  of  form? 

Yes,  and  I  went  at  once  to  the  consul's  office 
and  the  thing  was  consummated.  There  was  a 
mortgage  given  and  a  power  of  attorney. 

With  the  exception  of  the  execution  of  the  mort- 
gage, have  you  made  any  transfer  of  any  interest 
in  the  vessel? 

Not  at  all. 

So  far  as  you  know  it  still  remains  in  your  name? 

Yes,  so  far  as  I  know  it  does. 

What  was  said  about  it  being  a  nominal  thing? 

They  told  me  I  was  to  give  them  power  to  act 
as  though  they  were  the  owners. 

What  was  the  object  of  their  transferring  her  to 
another  flag? 

I  do  not  know  what  their  object  was. 

Was  it  after  the  war  was  declared? 

Yes,  sir. 


ii:} 


PLATE  31 


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114 


Key  to  Plate  32 

Supreme  Court, 
Kings  County. 

Robert  Murray,  Jr. 

against 
Robinson  &  Cox. 

The  parties  to  this  action  stipulate  to  admit  upon  the  trial  that  the 
copies  of  the  protest  and  survey  and  other  papers  annexed  to  the 
deposition  of  Captain  Alexander  Hadley  be  used  in  lieu  of  the  origi- 
nals, and  with  like  effect;  also  that  the  copy  of  the  letter  annexed 
hereto  is  a  copy  of  the  letter  written  by  Captain  Hadley  to  Langdon 
&  Church  from  Sydney,  August  3,  1916,  referred  to  in  his  cross- 
examination,  and  may  be  read  in  evidence,  as  part  of  his  cross- 
examination  in  lieu  of  and  with  the  same  effect  as  the  originals. 
Also  that  the  papers  referred  to  in  his  letter  of  December  5,  1916, 
were  on  that  day  with  the  letter  delivered  to  defendants  by  some 
one  on  behalf  of  plaintiff. 

Daniel  Cleveland, 

Atlurney  for  Defendants. 

HaW^KINS  &  COTHREN, 

Attomeijs  for  Plaintiff. 
New  York,  April  8,  1918. 


115 


PLATE  32 


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-^ '-/ 


«  < 


i - 

...^.... 


cL 


\ 


f .-i,-Jf/i. 


..:^»^_.. 


-i^ 


. JrCr^N 5;  /f/& Zl. 

1, _V::^ :_ 

_., U ^....-i 

mS/^..) L«j?.. A.. 


..."^. — \^- — U-ipU 


116 


SPEED  CONTESTS 

BY 

Eliza  Boardman  Burnz 

It  is  my  belief  that  the  speed  contests  have  been  productive  of 
much  benefit.  They  have  stirred  up  things  amazingly  in  the  short- 
hand ranks,  and  I  think  it  would  be  well  to  have  one  take  place 
every  year.  But  at  the  same  time  I  fully  concur  in  the  decision  of 
the  New  York  State  Stenographers'  Association,  that  these  contests 
should  not  form  a  part  of  the  regular  proceedings  of  the  annual  con- 
ventions, nor  be  published  in  the  reports.  To  do  this  would  afford 
too  great  an  opportunity  for  advertising  both  persons  and  systems 
at  the  expense  of  justice  and  truth.  It  has  doubtless  been  noticed 
that  great  speed  has  been  attained  only  by  persons  who  have  been 
for  many  years  familiar  with  the  kind  of  work  upon  which  the  trial 
is  made.  In  the  taking  of  legal  testimony  there  is  much  repetition 
of  certain  words  and  phrases,  no  matter  how  varied  the  details  of 
the  cases  may  be.  It  is  to  be  doubted  whether  200  words  a  minute 
of  new  matter,  taken  from  an  editorial  or  public  address,  would  be 
written  and  accurately  transcribed  by  those  who  can  write  250  words 
of  simple  testimony.  This  truth  also  should  be  borne  in  mind: 
that  it  is  the  peculiar  mentaJ  and  physical  qualities  of  the  reporter, 
together  with  long  practice  in  some  special  branch  of  work,  which 
enable  him  or  her  to  reach  a  high  speed;  and  that  the  particular 
system  of  shorthand  used  is  an  almost  infinitesimal  ingredient  in 
the  success  attained.  I  think  the  contests  have  also  proved  that 
verbatirn  transcripts  are  not  to  be  expected  from  notes  written  at  an 
extraordinary  rate  of  swiftness,  though  essential  accuracy  may  be 
obtained. 


117 


PLATE  33 

Speed  Contest 

-^^ ^^ ^^ '-I t^^^*^- -^ L-^-i-r- 

^ • kf-. i^ f  ^ *-->* -^"^ 

^  ^ ^^  '  f  ^  ^'  /  .:  r. 


\. 


v 


^ -n 


V \ 


r \ .-^ 


^ ^ • ^- ^ \ 1 ^--^ 

y C ^ :^. z.^.Q ^ ! ^^ J-^^,> (..-.....1.. 


4 


-^    -   A >. 


4^ ^^ M- 


:-  P 


cA" 


■f o 

_o-jQ  ...Dx ri Sr /O i 


^ 


" ^ " " ■•--e;3- 


k^l->-.-:.-v 

( }. =i^ 


118 


LIST  OF  WORD-SIGNS 


, •      ^  a  or  an 

— ah 

^ -  aU 

— vw^     .  among 

.— and 

.>>. and  the 

'^... are 

o 

._ as 

awe 

i 

awes 

because 

\s before 

rr-ra begun 

between 

.-^ came 

...1 committee 

1 ,  during 


...<5?... 


.V-«.^  ever 

f.rst 

for 

—  from 

-■.  had 

•••-  has 

•-  have 


..--= IS 


....   long 
of 


/ 


thing 


.  wash 


X 


^ 


of  the  •-■ 


^^ 


..i/i.....^.^  her 


other 


— '^-^-    —  owe 


--^- —  hear 

~ —  high- 

— ^- -  him 

~ -.  his 

o 

how 

-r 


^ -  owes     — 

.. — y. owing  — 

o own 

— .<?. self       — 

^r^. shall     .-. 


■■■■■■ the 

■\- them 


) —   these 


watch 
,.-.ZI™.   weU 
— A —  were 

-^.(C wiU 

with 
without 

.....I what 

.a when 

_...L^. where 

_..../ which 

__  who 

.  whose 

....j<^^ ,  world 

_....„. you 

.^ —  your 


119 


WORDS  VARIED  IN  OUTLINE 

The  following  list  illustrates  the  methods  by  which  words  having 
the  same  consonant  elements  may  be  varied  in  outline.  These  forms 
thoroughly  mastered  will  greatly  aid  the  student  in  the  selection  o' 
forms  for  other  words,  especi;illy  in  providing  for  the  differentiation 
often  required  in  the  writing  of  technical  terms. 


abandoned 
abundant 


..~>. 


acceptance 


adoration 


M 


_.>L._.       acceptances     -TTTSj..       duration  -^^ 


able 
compel 

abhor 
bear 

about 
apt 

absolute 
obsolete 

accept 
except 
expect 


V 


acceptation 

exception 

expectation 

acquired 
awkward 

accusation 
acquisition 


V. 

^         adapt 
adopt 


adaptation 
adoption 


addition 
edition 


J 
-J- 


achninistrate     ..^^j^^^^. 
demonstrate     -U-:^... 

administration  ..U-?.,,^. 
demonstration ..  U:^,... 


affirm 


form 


CT 


after  .>s».. 

for-their  -^^ — 


120 


agent 
gentlemen 

amiable 
humble 

appertain 
pertain 

apply 

belong 
(contr.) 

appraiser 
oppressor 
pursuer 


...<Z..    appropriation 

...J...     proportion 
(contr.) 

preparation 

.vrr:^..  available 
valuable 
■-^—  voluble 

^- 

beside 

V 


\ 


opposite 


apposite 


birth 


breath 


..V-    brighter 
O      broader 


V 


cancel,  consul 
counsel,  council 


causation 


T 


accession 
..-1P...    accusation 

...p..   cessation 


SA.. 


command 


comment 


A.. 


breed 


bankruptcy 

,        ,  -       "^ 1     brood 

partnership    -->^" 


■^ 


consummation     ,.<srn:>.. 


consumption 


..arr^O.. 


coalition 
collusion 
collision 

considered 
construed 

corporal 
corporeal 


communi- 
cation 

negation 


cost 

caused 


121 
damnation   .v!Trrr.       define 


4- 


""V 


domination 

daughter 

auditor 

doubter 

deal 
deliver 

debtor 
editor 


decease 
L,       disease 


.l<t>-2..      divine 


I 

.s.. 

-f- 


devote 
defeat 

divide 
deviate 

deviation 
devotion 

deferential 


b  deficient 

.    *"  (contr.) 

differential 


-V 


•b- 


•V- 


cudgel 
cajole 


~r' 


deceased 
diseased 


•t- 


discussion     ,.ttrr>., 
dissection     ...jlr=c*~ 


122 


dimension    .M:^... 


effect 


condemna-  ..lrr?w?-    vacate 
tion 


.%...       emit 
omit 


•s 


diminution 


affect 


equable 

desecration  ..W.     "^^"^  ••^"       ^^"^'tablo 

J.       ..  I  older  ..J. 

discretion    —l 

r 

holder  ...v.....        extension 

(contr.) 

J  extenua- 

J  emission 

omission       —•^r^...      exercise 
exorcise 

L         embarrass       N>- 

I  embrace       ..'m\..,      experience 

•"t^"*  ^  (contr.) 

impress  •-si.v—       exuberance 

..4,. 

J          emigration    .>■>;:»■.■.>     expression 
I  I'mmigra-        expiration 


divers 
diverse 

distant 

destined 

distinct 

display 
disable 
dispel 


<^~. 

•V 

— V 


123 

favored  ..>w...      funeral       ..V^_^^.-        grantee  [.. 

favorite  .)sS'...      funereal      .X.^^^     guarantee       .1. 


fault 
flight 


..S:. 


e 


garden 


guardian 


grantor 


.r^.. 


[, guarantor       -T^. 


faulty 
flighty 

fierce 
furious 

fiscal 
physical 

former 


■^- 


gentle 

-r'- 

held 

.n.. 

genteel 

■f- 

hold 

..sC- 

A. 

idolator 

..^C 

gentleman 

idolatry 

..^d. 

giant 

impatient 

...'^... 

get 

impassioned 

^ 

cut 

—  T  — 

impassionate 

->- 

God 

» 

independent 

(contr.) 

..!5^.. 

formal  (ly)     /^rTTT:..     guide 


Zl.. 


impending 


_-^... 


influential     ..Sss^. 
(contr.) 

unfinished      .^V^.- 


124 

inevitable 
enviable 


unavoid- 
able 


V 


intention     ...^-»^_P-- 

inattention     -1_P.~      machine 


pattern  ^TN... 

patron  .^S/^.. 

partner  .^^tt^., 
part-owner    ^'S. 


interested  ^. 
interstate  -"^ 
understood  ..: 

leave 
live 


■r- 


machinery 


missionary 


-      minute 


miniate, 
minuet 


V-. 


per  annum 
(contr.) 

premium 
(contr.) 


Persian  ..\^... 

Prussian       .,..o... 
Parisian 


v^ 


invasion 


innovation 


..•k). 


noble 
notable 


..^_ 


pertinent         ,*\. 

pertaining      ,%,. 


island 
land 


-.—       patient 


..«.        passionate         r,^ 


pure 


•V- 


125 


_^P  _     preside 
r^..,     proceed 

-'If 


precede 


"^' " "     president 
-^Np"     precedent 

t 

-.!^!T?r^     prominent 

_  permanent 
i\ preeminent 

prediction 
protection 
.!^^^....    production 

*--  premise 

promise 


.^S^..    probation 
prohibition 


\ — »      prescribe 
' N"       (contr.) 

proscribe 

\j        provide 
profit 

_ quite 

I...  quiet 

rally 

rely 


.Ji,__  realize 
...^..    release 


refraction 
.reflection 


.^^..,  register 
registry 
registrar 

../^TT^ renewed 

•M__    ruined 


-f- 


Russian 
rushed 


....V...  season 


126 


"p--      secede 
.>...    suicide 

1 

, secure 

screw 

secured 

o— 

screwed 

n 

..9-^...  sent 
.s»-^...  send 

^■■-) sheer 

,..^....  sure 

....P....  situate-d 

seated 
...P....  suited 


'yA—    situation 
,..0...     station 


.f.. 


steady,  study 
staid 


—  '-—  stage 

...J...  stowage 

..}vr..  separate 

.3w-..  support 

..IL...  transmit 


-k 


.     transmute 


.1...  . 

-4 


tartar 


traitor 


trader 


...1.. 


..%... 
^ 


underestimate 


underrate 


valiant 


violent 


...Q....    valuation 


violation 


9 


...?j....  wage 


....^. 


urge 


turn 


....  women 


127 

CONTRACTIONS  AND  SPECIAL  FORMS 

A  Word-sign  is  a  vowel  or  adjunctive  sign,  or  a  single  stem  which 
denotes  a  common  word;  as,  a  circle  for  is;  M  for  from;  Jn  for 
general.  The  list  of  most  frequently  recurring  word-signs  will  be  found 
on  page  118. 

A  Special  Form  represents  all  the  consonants  in  a  given  word 
in  an  exceptional  way  and  indicates  the  best  outline  to  represent  it. 

A  Contraction  is  an  outline  of  more  than  one  stem,  not  expressing 
all  the  consonants  in  the  word  it  represents. 

Note  that  the  following  hst  contains  many  outlines  which  are 
neither  contractions  nor  special  forms;  they  have  been  included 
because  of  their  frequent  use. 

The  contractions  and  special  forms  in  this  list  will  serve  as  models 
for  outlines  to  express  other  difficult  words. 


..\_.-.   ability 


accommo- 
date-d 

;ifcom- 
pany-ed 

accomplish- 
ment 

according 

■     (ly) 

accurate-Iy 


-^2/"'     acutely 

I- 


adequate 
adhere 


,.,accustomed 


..|^^_adherent 
.-C^..  adjacent 

~A>-—  adjournment 

I administer 


..!^.. 


acknowledge 
knowledge     ' 

af'(iuain- 
t  ance 

actual  (ly) 
actuate-ed 


L^ 


administra- 
tion 

advance 


„  actively 


/  /     advantage 
*""'■--     advanta- 
I  geous 

—Vtt-     advent 
,v^L-  <_  adventure 


«.._v!.  advertise 
advertise- 

l     I  ment 

..-.rN.  advertised 

^  advertiser 

"-\--  ad  vise-able 

• ♦ r - -  advocate 

"r^-"  aerial 

..A-.  aesthetic 

..i,. —  affidavit 

..i-K —  ahead 

. altitude 

:r. allowance 

..-_.  along 

•Tr^..  always 


.. alteration 

\j...      altogether 

''——O    amanuensis 
^^^^ — ^--  amanuenses 

,..  ambiguity 

ambiguous 

....  amendment 

.>>mi<..     among 

_N«^_    amongst 

1.1. angel 

angelic 

'^"^       anger 
angry 

angle 
^—^      analyze 
''~~^_       annihilate 

announcement 
annual  (ly) 
,_  anybody 
,•..  anything 
^   anywhere 


128 

apart 

t\    (V:  _  appear 
\ "  '\    appearance 

__Y_  _    appliance 

V  appliances 
—  :.^.  applicable 
..  V-^...  apprehend 
"'^ —     Arctic 

architecture 

architectural 

j>      arrears 

^^^    artificial^ 

"^         ascertain 

M  assailant 

)      \       assertion 
■^'    )'■  assert 

.  irrrv..    assemble 
.ZJ..      assignment 

V  X      assistance 
"'}i'"S~  assistants 

_  \j   \J  associate 
association 


'_.ZJ^     astonish-ing 
astonishment 

astronomy 
astronomer 

.  .Lj:^..    attention 
-J-...      attentive 
-A— rl.     banker 
.?rrr:\.    bankrupt 
\_^      bankruptcy 
bank-stock 
baptism 
beautiful 

-^- 

\ became  or 

become 

\ _  ,  becomingly 

because 

_>^  _    bedstead 

\^^^       beforehand 

°      began,  begun 
'"— ^"~*     begin 

ft  believe 

\'"^"'    believed 

..\/n  belittle 


12") 


\   ^        l)elonp; 

belonged 

V  betwixt 

<X  ..    bewitch 

....       beyond 

calculate 

can 

.._^^ .    came,  Co. 
kingdom 

—p 
-----      candidate 

...A...  candlestick 

capital  (ly) 

...  >f..   casual  (ly) 

.s>-^/^.    central 

,.o^..     certainty 

..  cy<__-^..  certainly 

/.  caricature 

.TrrTT.  character 

characters 
Jl (ize) 

a 

_ character- 
istic 

/  change 
changed 


■<■■ 

// 

■<- 


11. 
J- 


■'y- 

.^... 


■^3 


changeable  ._.^_.      commerce 

charge  "\J      commercial 

charged  ...<-<- 

chargeable  commiserate 

c|^}|d  rt    rf       common 

children  -    commonly 

Christian  .?I^..   commoner 

Christianity  _}_      commonest 

circumscribe  '^7^    common- 
"      place 

circumspec-  r— ■*— -^  common- 

tion  ■ "       sense 

circumstance 

circum-  "|^-      committal 

stanced  ' 

circum-  communicate 

stantial  •-~— '- 

claim communi- 

■•^— ^"^~P       cation 

client  ^^ ^  connection 

cler-v  •    •        condition-ed 

^'^'''•^^  -....1/^  conditional 

Y   ^  (ly) 

f'"'*^l  g^.„  concession 

collect  conflict 

commence  _"■_  _  ___     congress 

commence-  ^"^^-^   congressional 

mcnt 

commenda-  /                   .     ,■ 

^jyj^  ..—<'.—     conscientious 


130 


"    ■  u 

consequence 

-hrr.. 

tC.. 

. consequent- 

'     ly 

■M- 

concentrate 

-f..,- 

-b 

continue 

< 

■h 

continual 

(ly) 

..^. 

-q;^-- 

contradict 

.u_. 

contradic- 
tion 

.  correct 

..Ix.... 

-  ^ 

corrupt-ness 

..u 

Xj  contravene 

kC 

6 

countersign 

■K. 

.Irif. 

counten- 
anced 

■H 

cover 

■v- 

c €-^ 

,  cross-exami- 
nation 

..k,.. 

c (O 

JL 

cross-exam- 
ined 

danger 
dangerous 

...I... 

-It 

J..A. 

defendant 
defendants 

-t- 

■V-- 

deficient 

(cy) 

'iZ^'elB 

defiance  -I-    direct 

degree  . .  .n . .    direction 

deliver  .  .Jr:^. .  direct-exam- 

delivered  ination 

deliverance    .-L..k:.I  dirt 

'  dirty- 

delivery  ..^..     disadvan- 

j  tage 

democrat         ...\\...    disaster 
(ic)  ) 

demonstrate    --L----   division 

departure         -/-     discharge 

desideratum  Arr^Ttri  discriminate 

destruc-  .lTrr:rn5L  discrimin"a- 

tive-ly  tion 

describe  .  "Sx.       dishearten- 

ed 

description     ..L...    distinctive 

detain  k         distribute 

detail  "^  '" 

develop  ..tJS.Ih^.  disturb 

^  disturbance 

1 

devote  — ---    doctor 

differ  (ent,  I 

ence)  --V-     doctrine 

differed  " 

differences      .  Urtr^rr^.  domestic 
differs 

difficult  (y)      ..^...     downstairs 
difficulties 


131 

dwarf                 ..^.     equivalent  ..5]..  extreme 

efficient           ..(...      especial  (ly)  eyesight 

either               ..J...     essential  fact 

J    i        establish  ,  c     -li 

enforcement    -V\^- ^.gtablish-  "V""  ^'^"^^^ 

ment 

England          -^^-  evident-ly  .\/n..  faciUtate-ed 

Enghsh           -V-^^-    everywhere  .VJ^TT^.  failure 


tf—b 


^ 


-N—^.    enable  .!..!.  examine  .-^.  falsehood 

..l...t..     endeavor  .."C?!.  examination  ..L_...  familiar 

endeavored  V^-^ 

......       enlarge  ..— ^-  exchange  _v  finger 

.."C..      enlighten-  ..-^^..  expenditure  ,V>^  financial 


,r- 


ment 

experience 


enlighten-ing   .%;-.\.S|^™;;j«d  -^    figure 

^rrr!.    entire  ...^.  expUcit  .<57..^_._  first 

T  V    first  place 

■k::       enthusiastic       -^l-^^JPlrati.n  .^^r^.    first  class 
enumerate       .. — cv- -  -  ^^'P^^ss  ._W...  first  rate 


/I  enumerated p  extension  '^'^(^  fortunate 

-^'  "J""  (ly) 

equal                extinguish  frequent  (ly) 

^"^^  <^  <^  frequented 

.      equals  or           ..^._  extraordi-  _.^c^...  funda- 

equaUze  "ary  ■             mental  (ly) 


,.\...,      future 

^^^  gave 

""—      give 

given 

/    /     general 
./.-oC.     generals  (ize) 

generality 

..(/..     generation 

^       generali- 
zation 

(/  gentleman 

—  (/..    gentlemen 

good  hu- 
...-r  mored 

^  govern 

^      government 

/^  govern- 
^-  —     mental 

governor 
=  ="  grandeur 

gratitude 

.!^.-- gratuity 

habeas 
corpus 

half  and  half 


132 

.JJf..  handle  ^.^^.f^. 

\    \  happy  / 

hope 

.'iTl.  harden-ed      ..3 

J^.C  liard-ly  ..^. 

V^-^«_f  harmonious  ..Jl. ... 

^i  heartily  ^ 


horse- 
manship 

higher 
highest 

.'!:...      highly 

hindrance 

^^"^     ^  heterodox 

.7T!\.   honorable 
hotel 


hundred 
hundredth 

-    hygienic 


identical 
illusJ;rious 
illustrate-ed 
immaterial 

(ly) 


.-? 


held 
hold 


n- 


\ 


human 


1.,  humanity 


Sw'--   hunger  (y)        ----V 


immortal 

(ly) 

immodest 


immediate 

(ly) 

impenetra- 
bility 

impenitent 
impending 

impetuous 
impetuosity 

important 
(ance) 

impossible 
inanimate 
incapable 
incompetent 


.H..-.      inconvenience 

inconsiderate 

t 

--ll—    inconsiderable 
..t>^Slc.    incessant 
y__..     incoming 

.'^^Tl.-.-  inequality 
individual 
individuality 
..1^;-^..  indebtedness 
__^'^,  independent 

inflict 

_!L.-.   influence 
.\^.    influential 

"\  "^-  inhabitant 
.-J         inhabiting 

_"77n..  inquiring 
'^    ^^_  incjuiringly 
V ^     inquiry 

..^.-.    inspiration 


133 

\         inspire 
~'i^*"      inspirit 

.♦P..  ..     institute 
"V*-|>""     instituted 

VY^    intellect 
intellectual 

..^/rr..     intellectuality 

.if. .J.,     intelligent 
intelligence 

..^--     intelligible 

interest 

—  interesting 

interior 

y\ 

....-:_    intolerable 

~;:rT^\/i..  introductorj' 

.Js-»...    investment 

investigation 

'v^  f^    inure 
*"<r      I    inhere 

inherent 

insure  (ance) 
-'^-  •  ar    insured 

insurance  Co. 
joint  stock 


judiciously 

..!....    jurisdiction 

../-..      junior 

yrl..    language 

/_/  large 
larger 

/    r      largest 
' largely 

_r landholder 

r         laundry 
n       latitude 
-._.-     lawj-er 
r~l.,,  legislature 
legislator 
^     legislation 
f^      legislative 
length    - 
C     \    liar,  or  lyre 
^(      __   likewise 
(^  _  licentious 


../T,       little 
.f..  (..  literature 
-;.y^m.  literary 

luxury 
manuscript 
manuf  acture-e( ' 
manufacturer 
,  manufactory 

mature 

meantime 

meanwhile 
middle 
^L  ..   meditate-ed 
r"rTTrr  mechanical 
member 
memoranda 
memorandum 


134 

^  mental 
./rs...tc:  mentahty 

J,,     measure 

../t:^..  mentioned 
-— ^  mercantile 

.<r^^.   merchant 
)..  mercy 
merciful 
metropohs 
midnight 
milhon 

millionth 

mmisterial  or 
;.z^.:.^         minstrel 

..-^r^>g?>_    ministrations 

J  ministry 

_ minutes 

misrule 
miscall 
mistaken 


■1^^ 

mistake 
mistook 

-dr.. 

month 
mortal  (ly) 

^^^^* 

movements 

..^ 

moreover 

..^. 

Mrs. 
Mr. 

..r^^. 

multiple  (y) 

,.^. 

multiphcation 

.^rT<Lj> 

V  multitude-incus 

■■^-■ 

mutual  (ly) 

r:^. 

natural  (ly) 

V.            ^ 

nature 

"KZfi'" 

nearest 

■"wO 

need 

.."V«<-,»„- 

neglect 

•"^- 

never 

-■^i- 

nevertheless 

new  or  knew 

.v-^^..    next 
^—■'^--r  nonsense 
'^— ^     northeast 
^_^,^^nothing 

\       notwithstand- 
ing 

.^^^c^.  nowhere 

\  (^    number 
numbered 

nutrition 

\  \    object 
— -      ^'objected 

.]S— j^—  objection 

\  objectionable 

__\__  objector 
.-S..  obligation 

V  obscene 
_\^  obscure 
\  obscuration 

_N^    observe 
observer 


135 

_  \^,     observation 

V^__    obstinate 

occurrence 

y^   occasional 

.      X        opinion 
'"V"  6*   opinions 

\    v.  opportunity 
"■\'"V  opportunities 

.r~T?-    organize 
»-7Trf7^  organism 
..-//...   original 
\    _    orthodox 

j^TlH,      orthography 

..iTT!.  cirthographic 

\ I       orthographical 

(ly) 

V  "Vi.     pardon-ing 
— " pardoned 

\    <V    part 
partisan 

_7;^_^  partnership 

^^j     party 

\  ^_    party  1st  part 


\_^         party  2d  part 

particular 
-(\--(\/*-  particularly 

^^    particularity 

pecuUar 

peculiarity 

pecuniary 

penetrate 
penetration 

perpendicular- 
ity 

'   \""\*   peopled 
^         perfect 

\  per  cent 

philanthropy 

philosophy 

phonographer 

Vj»  phonography 

V^  l)hongraphic 

»  phonic 

NV"^"  postal  card 


...\...  pencil 
-^^..  puzzle 

.r^o__^..  personal 

_\_    plainciff 

'  __J  _    pleasure 

^       pliant 

\  \      possible  (y) 
V"  possibility 

\     N>    practice 
practiced 

...--..  practices 
.^rrr\_.  practicable 

a — ._  practical 
^\_^    practitioner 

-N...  prefer 
\s^.  preference 

_V principle  (al-ly) 

_%^^.  pretense 
JN^-^iI?..  pretension 
5v,,,s^_^_^  pretentious 


136 

...X.,      prevalent 
.i\.^.  proficient  (cy) 
_-}\-.  profit-able 

_\ provide 

..\...  public  (sh) 
\  _  publication 
\       publisher 

..\../2\.  pursue 
.  V/rrf  pursuance 

..V^..  pursuit 

c — I 

qualification 

J^.  qualify 

.".---  quality 
.—  U^  quandary 
quantum 

nTTtl-  quantity 
quarter 
question 


..cn^.    questionable 
.  .—^^^     quotation 

.t^.c^  reality 

realization 

y^ y^   recollect-ed 
recollection 

^  ^     refer  (ence) 
'  "■    referred 

.'^™     reform 
^  v:i    reformation 

.  re''ormer 
regular  (ly) 
regularity 
report 
reporter 

y^y^^    reportorial 

religion 
't/"'1"    religious 

relinquish 
responsible 
remark 
remittance 


..Z\. 
-•A 


f 


137 

remember  .!Vr^      return 

,  y\^      reverend  or 

remembrance      .<-.--->».        j^^^ 

^     ^  r^  /^     revelation 

remonstrate         .i^..-(...     ^^^.^^yxi^ow 

^  ,  ,.        ^  /         write 
represent  (ativ.    rewrite 

represents,  or      .L  .1..  ^^^tisfy 
represcntativ..     "^  satisfied 

representation  satisfactory 

republic  -^--    satisfaction 

republican  '--     scandal 

require  •- scientific 

request  -ar^O.    self-respect 

respect  ..CO..    selfsame 

respectful  (ly)  ..fiJ...     selfish 

respectable  fy)  "t^^::^-    ^ecuTe 

respective-ly  — ^'^ — •  several 

reserved  ..%^:^..  sentiment 

reservation  .-^ significant 

retrospective  --a^-  signify 

retail  -sizi:-    significa 

"■■"i>  tion 


._ significance 

.„,_..    significancy 

Z\..  simplify 

<rTJ..\^  simplification 
stt/....  'simultaneous 

.* sympathy 

sympathies  or 
"irS"    sympathize 

..    sympathetic 
jTrf....  synonymous 
single 
.fT..  singular 
sincere - 

•qZSJ^'  sincerely 
^^^^^^j^T^  similar 

.^-j^Zl.  similarity 
A -Vs>--J'..  slovenliness 

.°_ smaller 

._..tfrr^._  somehow 


138 


.  sometimes 
somewhat 


\~  b      strong-ly 


9    \     speak  \ 

^  special  or  spoke  ^ 

...s>...  spoken  ...■^. .. 


\ specification     _V... 

...%...    spendthrift    '7_/'«^ '--jf  stock 
"'?'**  "/' excha 

--TTj..   sound 


strongest 
stronger 

subject 

subjection 

submit-ted 


suggestion 
suggestive 

-   superiority 


::)..:i. 


swear 
sworn 


ange 
sufficient 


C    %     southeast              <\   <VO       subordinate 
southeastern      subordination 


.!^..  southwestern    _V-f\^  subscriber 


-t 


^    C     southern 
"^^i;^  southerner 

spirits    ■ 
"%'^'  spirituous 

c^_x       '      stenographic  or 
stenographer 


\. 


Jiistenography 

...L...  state 
-L_^-.  strange 
—..L.,  stranger 


subscription  . 

substantial 

(ate^ 

substitute 

Supreme 
court 

surprise 

swiftly 

swifter 


(  0 


...1..  strength  -p-g^-    "ystematis.- 


r- 


.  strictly 


./..£.,    suggest 

suggest  C' 


i: 


swindle 

swindler 

technical 

temporal 

temporarily 

testify 

testimony 

3-quarters 

thank 
thankful 

thankless 
thoughtless 

them 
tliemselves 

tlienceforth 


thence- 
forward 

tlicology 


139 


.../...  the  other 

.-|..f„  thereat 
'  S   thereto 

thing 

..(...(....    think 
-\^---l^zz^  thinker 

C 
throughout 

..rt...   thwart-ed 
...U..     together 
...rl.-.    total 
..;_-..    tolerable 

...1...    trade 
..<LTr»»v^.  transgressor 
transcribe 
transcription 

„<k^.    trustworthy 

n    1     truthful 
"t' twelve 

..L-^...  twelvemonth 
_  ^       upstairs 

..^ unable 


I 


rr.. 


r 


unacquainted 

unawares 

unanswered 

unassailable 

unequal 

unfinished 

.  uninspired 

unfurnished 

unintelhgible 

unpardonable 

uncertainty 

uncommonly 

unconscious 

United  States 

New  York 

uniform 

unite 
unit 

universe  (al-ly) 


uselessness 


rr- 

.1).^..  usual  -^ 

unusual 

-^.-  utihty 

-S•.^!l.  value 
valued 

.......    WashingtoR 

.-.^...  wealth 
..^...  westward 
\       wharf 


../TZ^^..  willingly 
...Q...    withal 

-■>v-,^^    wisdom 

J       wish 

_- witness 

_(   ,/A,.  worth 
worthy 

yard 

..C^...   yesterday 

/^   year 
-f--'--  young 

youth 
youthful 


■^i 


INDEX 


The  numerals  refer  to  pages. 


Adjunctive  signs,  advantage,  24, 
36, 72;  order  of  sounds,  31,  52; 
when  not  used,  31 ;  Rule  4,  42. 

Alphabet,  consonant,  13;  geo- 
metrical arrangement,  15. 

Aspirate,  stem,  tick,  or  dot,  18, 
66. 

C. 

Change  of  form,  96. 

Circles,  final,  30;  back  circle,  30; 
small  and  large,  followed  by 
In-hook,  30,  31,  79;  preceded 
by  n,  30;  used  between  stems, 
36,61;  initial,  52;  on  straight 
stems  to  include  the  sound  of 
r,  52,  53,  61,  71;  within  initial 
hooks,  61. 

Combined  stems,  36 ;  vocalizing, 
37;  position,  37;  circles  be- 
tween, 36, 37 ;  loop  between,  37 ; 
Lee  and  Shee,  37 ;  El  and  Ish, 
37;  SH  followed  by  M  or  R, 
or  L  by  MP,  etc.,  37;  halving, 
37,  41. 

Compound  words,  38. 

Compound  vowel  signs,  14,  49, 
66. 

Con,  com,  cog,  initial,  53;  mid- 
dle of  word,  78. 

Condensed  Six-Vowel  Scale,  14. 

Consonants,  alphabet,  13,  15; 
Rule  1,  18. 

Context,  97. 

Contractions,  80. 

Contractions  and  Special  Forms, 
127-139. 

D. 

D,  expressed  by  stem,  41 ;  excep- 
tional words  halved  for,  25; 


halving,  24,  2.''i,  30,  37,  41,  71; 

(combined  with   other   stems, 

37,  41. 
ded,  41. 

Derivatives,  31. 
Diphthong  signs,  close,  see  vowel 

scale,  14;  open,  18,  49. 
Directions  for  practice,  12,  19. 
Disjoined   stems,    41;    between 

stems,  78. 
Doubling  stems,  40. 

E. 

Ed-tick,  41. 

Eight- Vowel  Scale,  16. 

Enter,  initial  syllable,  53. 

er,  as  an  affix,  40,  53. 

est,  distinct  added  syllable,  41. 


F-hook,  40;  medial,  72. 
Figures  expressed,  96. 

H. 

Halving  stems,  24,  25,  30,  40,  41 ; 
special  words  halved  for  d,  25 ; 
halving  of  stems  with  ad- 
juncts, 25,  30,  40. 

Hay-stem,  18,  66. 

Hay-tick,  18,  66. 

Heavy  Ree,  86. 

Hooks,  final,  24,  40,  78;  as  word 
signs,  94,  95;   initial,  60,  61. 

I. 

In-hook,  final,  24,  30,  79;  after 
half  length  stems,  2.");  after 
lengthened  curves  and  repeat- 
ed straight  stems,  41,  79 j  ad- 
ded to  other  hooks,  41;  initial, 
53,  80;  prefixed  to  another 
hook,  61;  medial,  72,  79. 


142 


ing,  final  syllable,  53,  80. 
ingly,  final  syllable,  72. 
Initial  circles,  52;  loop,  52. 
Initial  hooks,  straight  stems,  60, 

61;   curved  stems,  60. 
Initial  vowel  tick,  53,  66,  94. 
Inter,  intro,  initial  syllables,  53. 
Ish  and  Shee,  37. 
Ive-hook,  40,  79. 

L. 

Legal  testimony,  112. 

Lengthened  stems,  40. 

L-hook  on  straight  and  curved 
stems,  60. 

Loops,  final,  30,  41 ;  preceded  by 
nt,  30;  ster-loop  followed  by 
In-hook,  30,  79 ;  small  loop  be- 
tween stems,  37 ;  initial  loop, 
52;  small  loop  between  stems 
changed  into  circle,  37,  81. 

L  stem,  upward  and  downward, 
Principle  I,  14. 

ly,  and  ry,  expressed  by  hooks, 
79. 

N. 

Names  of  outlines,  86. 

ng  before  K,  79. 

N-hook,  24. 

N  stem  initially  ticked,  53,  61. 


Omission  of  consonants,  80,  81. 
Omission  of  words,  96. 
Open  diphthongs,  49. 
Order  of  principles,  92. 
Outline,  written  first,  12. 


Past  tense,  41, 

Phonetic  Spelling,  9,  10. 

Phrasing,  Rule,  94;  position  of 
stems,  94;  order  of  powers, 
92,  94;  adjunctive  signs,  94, 
95;  tick  and  half-circ^le  signs, 
94;  final  hooks,  halving  and 
lengthening,  95;  circles  and 
loops,  95;   initial  hooks,  96. 


Position  of,  stems,  18;  vowels, 
14;  combined  stems,  37;  dou- 
ble-length stems,  40. 

Prefixes,  78. 

Principles,  I,  14;  II,  14;  111,14; 
IV,  18. 

Proper  names,  18,  67,  80. 

Proximity,  96. 

Punctuation,  12,  96. 

R. 

Ree,  halved  for  rity,  81. 

Ree,  heavy,  86. 

Ree,  special  use,  41,  72,  73. 

R-hook,  60. 

R,  special  use,  72. 

Rule  for  R  and  Ree,  28. 

ry  and  ly  expressed  by  hooks,  79. 


Shee  and  Ish,  37. 

Sh'n,  preceded  by  sound  of  s,  31. 

Shun-hooks,    1st    and    2d,    24; 

special  uses  of,  79,  80. 
Sign  words,  23,  28,  33,  69,  118. 
Simple  stem  signs,  29. 
sit  or  sist,  41. 
Six-Vowel  Scale,  14. 
Special  Forms,  92,  127. 
Special  Vocalization,  70;    when 

not  used,  70. 
S-stem,  when  halved,  24;  initial 

use  of,  52. 
Stems,     direction    for    writing. 

Principle     I,     14;      position. 

Principle  IV,  18. 
Stems,    circle  between,   36,   37; 

sound      repeated,      37,      41; 

lengthened,  40,  41;   disjoined, 

41. 
Stenology,  86. 
StenotjTjy,  36. 
Suffixes,  79. 


T,  final,  41;   halving,  24,  25,  30, 

37,  41. 
led,  final,  41. 
Ter-hook,  40. 
live,  expressed  by  Ive-hook,  79. 


143 


U. 


Under,  53. 


V-hook,  78;  limitations,  78; 
suffix,  78. 

Vowel  ending.  Rule  3,  38. 

Vowels,  Scales,  SLx  and  Eight, 
14,  16;  classification,  16; 
signs,  Principle  II,  14;  posi- 
tion. Principle  III,  14;  simple 
and  compound,  14;  accented 
vowel,  Principle  IV,  18. 

Vowel-tick,  initial,  53,  66;  me- 
dial, 79. 


W. 

W,  before  Shee  and  Chay,  66. 

W,  expressed  by  half  circle,  61. 

Waj'-hook,  initial,  61. 

Word  signs,  dot,  tick,  23,  28,  29, 
33;  hooks,  23,  33,  66;  circle 
and  half-circle,  23,  33;  simple 
stem,  29,  66;  List,  118. 

Words  Varied  in  Outline,  119- 
126. 


Y. 

Yay-hook,  initial,  61. 
Yay  stem,  or  compound  vowel, 
79. 


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AT 

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1918     Burnz*    phonetic 
stenography 


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